Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Vitamin D: Musculoskeletal health

  • Published:
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Perhaps the role of Vitamin D supplementation has been most exhaustively studied in calcium absorption, skeletal wellbeing, muscular potency, balance and risk of falling. Nonetheless, new data has emerged and the recent research on sarcopenia makes the topic increasingly interesting. Given the socioeconomic burden of the musculoskeletal consequences of hypovitaminosis D it is vital to keep abreast with the latest literature in the field. The recommended Vitamin D supplementation dose should suffice to increase the serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D level to 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) and this level should be optimally maintained with a maintenance dose, particularly for those diagnosed with osteoporosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Specker BL, Ho ML, Oestreich A, Yin TA, Shui QM, Chen XC, Tsang RC. Prospective study of vitamin D supplementation and rickets in China. 1992; 120:733–9.

  2. Aksnes L, Aarskog D. Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in puberty: effect of sexual maturation and implications for growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;55:94–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Smith R, Dent CE. Vitamin D requirements in adults. clinical and metabolic studies on seven patients with nutritional osteomalacia. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1969;13:44–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am J Med. 2004;116:634–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:505–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, van der Vijgh WJ, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:1052–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Holick MF. Vitamin D, deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Harma M, Parviainen M, Koskinen T, Hoikka V, Alhava E. Bone density, histomorphometry and biochemistry in patients with fractures of the hip or spine. 1987; 19:378–82.

  9. Bhan A, Rao AD, Rao DS. Osteomalacia as a result of vitamin D deficiency. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39:321–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Aaron JE, Gallagher JC, Nordin BE. Seasonal variation of histological osteomalacia in femoral-neck fractures. Lancet. 1974;2:84–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Arnala I, Kyrölä K, Kröger H, Alhava EM. Analysis of 245 consecutive hip fracture patients with special reference to bone metabolism. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1997;86:343–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilton TJ, Hosking DJ, Pawley E, Stevens A, Harvey L. Osteomalacia and femoral neck fractures in the elderly patient. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1987;69:388–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wilton TJ, Hosking DJ, Pawley E, Stevens A, Harvey L. Screening for osteomalacia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1987;69:765–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. LeBoff MS, Kohlmeier L, Hurwitz S, Franklin J, Wright J, Glowacki J. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA. 1999;281:1505–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Can U, Staehelin HB, Platz A, Henschkowski J, Michel BA, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency in Swiss hip fracture patients. Bone. 2008;42:597–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Stuck AE, Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):551–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schott GD, Wills MR. Muscle weakness in osteomalacia. Lancet. 1976;1:626–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lips P. Vitamin D, physiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92:4–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fleet JC. Rapid, membrane-initiated actions of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D: what are they and what do they mean? J Nutr. 2004;134:3215–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Christakos S, Barletta F, Huening M, Dhawan P, Liu Y, Porta A, et al. Vitamin D target proteins: function and regulation. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:238–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Christakos S, Dhawan P, Liu Y, Peng X, Porta A. New insights into the mechanisms of vitamin D action. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:695–705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Blau JE, Collins MT. The PTH-Vitamin D-FGF23 axis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2015;16:165–74. doi:10.1007/s11154-015-9318-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Eisman JA, Bouillon R. Vitamin D: direct effects of vitamin D metabolites on bone: lessons from genetically modified mice. Bonekey Rep. 2014;3:499. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2013.233.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Weissen-Plenz G, Nitschke Y, Rutsch F. Rutsch. mechanisms of arterial calcification: spotlight on the inhibitors. Adv Clin Chem. 2008;46:263–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Meyer MB, Watanuki M, Kim S, Shevde NK, Pike JW. The human transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 distal promoter contains multiple vitamin D receptor binding sites that mediate activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:1447–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Barthel TK, Mathern DR, Whitfield GK, Haussler CA, Hopper 4th HA, Hsieh JC, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/VDR-mediated induction of FGF23 as well as transcriptional control of other bone anabolic and catabolic genes that orchestrate the regulation of phosphate and calcium mineral metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103(3–5):381–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fretz JA, Zella LA, Kim S, Shevde NK, Pike JW. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 via deoxyribonucleic acid sequence elements located downstream of the start site of transcription. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:2215–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Milat F, Ng KW. Is Wnt signalling the final common pathway leading to bone formation? Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;310:52–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Haussler MR, Haussler CA, Whitfield GK, Hsieh JC, Thompson PD, Barthel TK, et al. The nuclear vitamin D receptor controls the expression of genes encoding factors which feed the “Fountain of Youth” to mediate healthful aging. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121:88–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Haussler MR, Jurutka PW, Mizwicki M, Norman AW. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1alpha, 25(OH)vitamin D: genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25:543–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Doroudi M, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Membrane-mediated actions of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3: A review of the roles of phospholipase A2 activating protein and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;147:81–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dwivedi PP, Hii CS, Ferrante A, Tan J, Der CJ, Omdahl JL, et al. Role of MAP kinases in the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced transactivation of the rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) promoter. Specific functions for ERK1/ERK2 and ERK5. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:29643–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nutchey BK, Kaplan JS, Dwivedi PP, Omdahl JL, Ferrante A, May BK, et al. Molecular action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and phorbol ester on the activation of the rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) promoter: role of MAP kinase activities and identification of an important transcription factor binding site. Biochem J. 2005;389:753–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dwivedi PP, Gao XH, Tan JC, Evdokiou A, Ferrante A, Morris HA, et al. A role for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase—Protein kinase C zeta—Sp1 pathway in the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induction of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase gene in human kidney cells. Cell Signal. 2010;22:543–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Norman AW. Minireview: Vitamin D receptor: new assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology. 2006;147:5542–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Boland R. Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function. Endocr Rev. 1986;7:434–48. doi:10.1210/edrv-7-4-434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Houston DK, Cesari M, Ferrucci L, Cherubini A, Maggio D, Bartali B, et al. Association between vitamin D status and physical performance: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:440–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Yoshikawa S, Nakamura T, Tanabe H, Imamura T. Osteomalacic myopathy. Endocrinol Jpn. 1979;26:65–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bouillon R, Van Schoor NM, Gielen E, Boonen S, Mathieu C, Vanderschueren D, et al. Optimal vitamin D status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E1283–304. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wang Y, DeLuca HF. Is the vitamin d receptor found in muscle? Endocrinology. 2011;152:354–63. doi:10.1210/en.2010-1109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen S, Law CS, Grigsby CL, Olsen K, Hong TT, Zhang Y, et al. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the vitamin D receptor gene results in cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation. 2011;124:1838–47. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.032680.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Endo I, Inoue D, Mitsui T, Umaki Y, Akaike M, Yoshizawa T, et al. Deletion of vitamin D receptor gene in mice results in abnormal skeletal muscle development with deregulated expression of myoregulatory transcription factors. Endocrinology. 2003;144:5138–44. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Szulc P, Schoppet M, Goettsch C, Rauner M, Dschietzig T, Chapurlat R, et al. Endocrine and clinical correlates of myostatin serum concentration in men–the STRAMBO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:3700–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Pike JW. Closing in on vitamin D action in skeletal muscle: early activity in muscle stem cells? Endocrinology. 2016;157:48–51. doi:10.1210/en.2015-2009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81:353–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:18–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Malabanan A, Veronikis IE, Holick MF. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet. 1998;351:805–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Thomas KK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:777–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7:439–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Holick MF, Siris ES, Binkley N, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving osteoporosis therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3215–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, et al. Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med. 2000;247:260–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Boonen S, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Cooper C, et al. Addressing the musculoskeletal components of fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D: a review of the evidence. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;78:257–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lips P. Vitamin D, deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:477–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bakhtiyarova S, Lesnyak O, Kyznesova N, Blankenstein MA, Lips P. Vitamin D status among patients with hip fracture and elderly control subjects in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:441–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. McKenna MJ. Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly. Am J Med. 1992;93:69–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:370–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1637–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lips P, Hosking D, Lippuner K, et al. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy amongst women with osteoporosis: an international epidemiological investigation. J Intern Med. 2006;260:245–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. van Schoor NM, Lips P. Worldwide vitamin D status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25:671–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1807–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hilger J, Friedel A, Herr R, Rausch T, Roos F, Wahl DA, et al. A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(1):23–45. doi:10.1017/S0007114513001840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144(Pt A):138–45. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res. 2011;31:48–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988–2004. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:626–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pludowski P, Grant WB, Bhattoa HP, Bayer M, Povoroznyuk V, Rudenka E, et al. Vitamin d status in central europe. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:589587.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:23–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Jonsson B, De Laet C, Dawson A. Risk of hip fracture according to the World Health Organization criteria for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Bone. 2000;27(5):585–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD007146. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Johnell O, Kanis JA. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:1726–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gullberg B, Johnell O, Kanis JA. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(5):407–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kanis JA, Odén A, McCloskey EV Johansson H, Wahl DA, Cooper C, IOF Working Group on Epidemiology and Quality of Life. A systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:2239–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Farmer ME, White LR, Brody JA, Bailey KR. Race and sex differences in hip fracture incidence. Am J Public Health. 1984;74:1374–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Dupuy C, Lauwers-Cances V, Guyonnet S, Gentil C, Abellan Van Kan G, Beauchet O. Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6:144–54.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Slomian J, Buckinx F, Dardenne N, Quabron A, et al. Estimation of sarcopenia prevalence using various assessment tools. Exp Gerontol. 2015;61:31–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412–23.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. LeBoff MS, Hawkes WG, Glowacki J, Yu-Yahiro J, Hurwitz S, Magaziner J. Vitamin D-deficiency and post-fracture changes in lower extremity function and falls in women with hip fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:1283–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors. Dietary reference intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56070/. Accessed September 2016.

  78. Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988–1994 compared to 2000–2004. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1519–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:690–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Adami S, Isaia G, Luisetto G, Minisola S, Sinigaglia L, Gentilella R, et al. Fracture incidence and characterization in patients on osteoporosis treatment: the ICARO study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1565–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Macdonald HM, Wood AD, Aucott LS, Black AJ, Fraser WD, Mavroeidi A, et al. Hip bone loss is attenuated with 1000 IU but not 400 IU daily vitamin D3: a 1 year double-blind RCT in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:2202–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Grimnes G, Joakimsen R, Figenschau Y, Torjesen PA, Almas B, Jorde R. The effect of high-dose vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass—a randomized controlled 1-year trial. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:201–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bischoff-ferrari HA, Willett WC, Orav EJ, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Lyons RA, et al. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:40–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. DIPART (Vitamin D Individual Patient Analysis of Randomized Trials) Group. Patient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe. BMJ. 2010;340:b5463. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Levis S, Theodore G. Summary of AHRQ’s comparative effectiveness review of treatment to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis: update of the 2007 report. J Manag Care Pharm. 2012;18:S1–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, O’Connell D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;CD000227.

  87. Bischoff-ferrari HA. Which vitamin D oral supplement is best for postmenopausal women? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012;10:251–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Harvey NC, Biver E, Kaufman JM, Bauer J, Branco J, Brandi ML, Bruyère O, Coxam V, Cruz-Jentoft A, Czerwinski E, Dimai H, Fardellone P, Landi F, Reginster JY, Dawson-Hughes B, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, Cooper C. The role of calcium supplementation in healthy musculoskeletal ageing: An expert consensus meeting of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the International Foundation for Osteoporosis (IOF). Osteoporos Int. 2016 Oct 20.

  89. https://medlineplus.gov/magazine/issues/winter11/articles/winter11pg12.html. Accessed 27 November 2016.

  90. Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Hofstee HM, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:1129–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(10):670–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Schlotthauer T, Pospeschill M, Scholz M, et al. Vitamin D status, trunk muscle strength, body sway, falls, and fractures among 237 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001;109:87–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:257–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bischoff HA, Stähelin HB, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M, Salis C, et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:343–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Dukas L, Bischoff HA, Lindpaintner LS, Schacht E, Birkner-Binder D, Damm TN, et al. Alfacalcidol reduces the number of fallers in a community-dwelling elderly population with a minimum calcium intake of more than 500 mg daily. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:230–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T. Hosking DJ; Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. Age Ageing. 2004;33(1):45–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Flicker L, MacInnis RJ, Stein MS, Scherer SC, Mead KE, Nowson CA, et al. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? results of a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1881–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents severe falls in elderly community-dwelling women: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005;17:125–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Arden NK, Crozier S, Smith H, Anderson F, Edwards C, Raphael H, et al. Knee pain, knee osteoarthritis, and the risk of fracture. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:610–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1621–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, et al. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ. 2005;330(7498):1003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Law M, Withers H, Morris J, Anderson F. Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls: results of a randomised trial in elderly people in residential accommodation. Age Ageing. 2006;35:482–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Effect of cholecalciferol plus calcium on falling in ambulatory older men and women: a 3-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(4):424–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gallagher JC, Rapuri PB, Smith LM. An age-related decrease in creatinine clearance is associated with an increase in number of falls in untreated women but not in women receiving calcitriol treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:51–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Burleigh E, McColl J, Potter J. Does vitamin D stop inpatients falling? A randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2007;36:507–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DP. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(2):234–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Smith H, Anderson F, Raphael H, Maslin P, Crozier S, Cooper C. Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D on fracture risk in elderly men and women: a population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1852–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Prince RL, Austin N, Devine A, Dick IM, Bruce D, Zhu K. Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:103–8. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Berggren M, Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Gustafson Y. Evaluation of a fall-prevention program in older people after femoral neck fracture: a one-year follow-up. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:801–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Suppan K, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dobnig H. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:315–22. doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0662-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Simpson JA, Kotowicz MA, Young D, et al. Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:1815–22. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.594.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Glendenning P, Zhu K, Inderjeeth C, Howat P, Lewis JR, Prince RL. Effects of three monthly oral 150,000 IU cholecalciferol supplementation on falls, mobility and muscle strength in older postmenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:170–6. doi:10.1002/jbmr.524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Sambrook PN, Cameron ID, Chen JS, Cumming RG, Durvasula S, Herrmann M, et al. Does increased sunlight exposure work as a strategy to improve vitamin D status in the elderly: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:615–24. doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1590-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Hansen KE, Johnson RE, Chambers KR, Johnson MG, Lemon CC, Vo TN, et al. Treatment of Vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1612–21. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3874.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, Kannus P, Tokola K, Lamberg-Allardt C, et al. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:703–11. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ, Staehelin HB, Meyer OW, Theiler R, et al. Monthly high-dose Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of functional decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:175–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Abrams C, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:1113–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Gallagher JC. Vitamin D, and falls—the dosage conundrum. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12:680–4. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Wong YY, Flicker L. Hypovitaminosis D and frailty: epiphenomenon or causal? Maturitas. 2015;82:328–35. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Chan DC, Tsou HH, Yang RS, Tsauo JY, Chen CY, Hsiung CA, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial to improve geriatric frailty. BMC Geriatr. 2012;12:58. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-12-58.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Fairhall N, Aggar C, Kurrle SE, Sherrington C, Lord S, Lockwood K, et al. Frailty intervention trial (FIT). BMC Geriatr. 2008;8:27. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-8-27.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Kenny AM, Kleppinger A, Annis K, Rathier M, Browner B, Judge JO, et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men withlow bioavailable testosterone levels, low bone mass, and physical frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1134–43.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Peterson MJ, Sloane R, Cohen HJ, Crowley GM, Pieper CF, Morey MC. Effect of telephone exercise counseling on frailty in older veterans: projectLIFE. Am J Men’s Health. 2007;1:326–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Li CM, Chen CY, Li CY, Wang WD, Wu SC. The effectiveness of acomprehensive geriatric assessment intervention program for frailty in community-dwelling older people: a randomized, controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;50:S39–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Muir SW, Montero-Odasso M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation onmuscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:2291–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Tomlinson PB, Joseph C, Angioi M. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on upper and lower body muscle strength levels in healthy individuals. A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18:575–80. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009;339:b3692. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, Brandt K, Donini LM, Maggio M, et al. Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE Study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:740–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Relevance of vitamin D in muscle health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012;13:71–7. doi:10.1007/s11154-011-9200-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Rondanelli M, Klersy C, Terracol G, Talluri J, Maugeri R, Guido D, et al. Whey protein, amino acids, and vitamin D supplementation with physical activity increases fat-free mass and strength, functionality, and quality of life and decreases inflammation in sarcopenic elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:830–40. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.113357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Stockton KA, Mengersen K, Paratz JD, Kandiah D, Bennell KL. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:859–71. doi:10.1007/s00198-010-1407-y.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, Gillain S, Cavalier E, Slomian J, et al. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):4336–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, et al. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:2359–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harjit Pal Bhattoa.

Ethics declarations

Funding

This review received no funding.

Conflict of interest

Harjit Pal Bhattoa declares that he has no conflict of interest, Jerzy Konstantynowicz declares that he has no conflict of interest, Natalia Laszcz declares that she has no conflict of interest, Marek Wojcik declares that he has no conflict of interest and Pawel Pludowski declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bhattoa, H.P., Konstantynowicz, J., Laszcz, N. et al. Vitamin D: Musculoskeletal health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 18, 363–371 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9404-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9404-x

Keywords

Navigation