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Advances in TRH signaling

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Abstract

The activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) is coordinated by hypophysiotropic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons present in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons act as energy sensors. TRH controls the synthesis and release of thyrotropin, which activates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones; in target tissues, transporters and deiodinases control their local availability. Thyroid hormones regulate many functions, including energy homeostasis. This review discusses recent evidence that covers several aspects of TRH role in HPT axis regulation. Knowledge about the mechanisms of TRH signaling has steadily increased. New transcription factors engaged in TRH gene expression have been identified, and advances made on how they interact with signaling pathways and define the dynamics of TRH neurons response to acute and/or long-term influences. Albeit yet incomplete, the relationship of TRH neurons activity with positive energy balance has emerged. The importance of tanycytes as a central relay for the feedback control of the axis, as well as for HPT responses to alterations in energy balance, and other stimuli has been reinforced. Finally, some studies have started to shed light on the interference of prenatal and postnatal stress and nutrition on HPT axis programing, which have confirmed the axis susceptibility to early insults.

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Acknowledgments

-Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, # IA201515 (LJH), # IN204316 (PJB), # IN208515 (JLC).

-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico, #CB-180009 (PJB), # CB-154931 (JLC), # CB-254960 (JLC).

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  1. Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México

    Patricia Joseph-Bravo, Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy & Jean-Louis Charli

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  1. Patricia Joseph-Bravo
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Joseph-Bravo, P., Jaimes-Hoy, L. & Charli, JL. Advances in TRH signaling. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 17, 545–558 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9375-y

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