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High-resolution mapping of rural poverty and famine vulnerability in the Sahel: a possible approach for the Republic of Niger

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Abstract

Conventional approaches to mapping poverty and vulnerability rely on statistical techniques for analyzing national census results in conjunction with much smaller auxiliary data sets. The resulting low-resolution maps offer only limited explanations for the causes of poverty/vulnerability, especially those related to the physical environment. Scientists have mapped land cover performance (or “land degradation” or “desertification”) on national scales using satellite remote sensing, but their efforts have rarely been incorporated into poverty/vulnerability mapping endeavors. This paper describes an alternative, comparatively low-cost approach that could make possible poverty/vulnerability mapping at high resolution across the inhabited territories of entire Sahelian countries. The new hybrid approach calls for close collaboration between a team of remote sensing scientists and a team of field workers engaged in social science, earth science, and biomedical research. Maps produced through this approach should help in targeting programs to alleviate poverty and could improve the efficacy of famine early warning and mitigation.

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Notes

  1. Kadadin Buda is located just east of the Local Government Area within which permission to conduct fieldwork had been secured. In a related research effort focused on former famine refugees, eight household heads from Kadadin Buda were interviewed in a village they had helped to establish in the Nigerian “Middle Belt,” a well-vegetated, relatively sparsely populated ecological zone south of the Sahel. They recounted that environmental conditions in the Kadadin Buda hinterland were similar to those in Lakoda.

  2. The same methods of interviewing and environmental assessment were employed in localities in Zinder Département, Niger. The results point out some complexities and underscore the need for fieldwork. For example, the collection of hamlets known as Zongon Allegas has no permanent water source or fadama. Camels and donkeys are used to retrieve water from Sabon Kafi, a round trip of 15 km. The hinterland is punctuated with rocky outcrops, and vegetation is remarkably sparse. Wild food plants were quickly depleted as the mid-1980s crisis began. More than half of this settlement’s population reportedly migrated in distress. Zangon Mallam also has no fadama, and wells are located 2–3 km away. The land is considerably less rocky, though, and vegetation, including some wild food and fodder species, is more abundant. The residents’ main famine coping strategy was to move to the larger, nearby village of Gangara, where water and opportunities for wage labor on fadama farms were available. Distress migration reportedly was limited to three families.

  3. Web-based access to the entire NASA LANDSAT archive began in August 2009. LANDSAT scenes that used to cost as much as US $ 1,200 are now free to the public. Interested readers can log on to landsat.usgs.gov. Using the GLOVIS function, they can call up the c. 185 km × 170 km scene that includes the northern Nigerian study localities. The scene ID is LT51910501984177XXX03. The coordinates for the center of Lakoda village are 13.80 N, 5.38 E; Amarawa’s are 13.71 N, 5.30 E. Analysis other than basic inspection would require familiarity with ArcGIS or comparable software.

  4. The Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA) is a durable, hand-held device for non-intrusive assessment of nutritional status. It measures, to three significant figures, basal metabolic rate, intra- and extra-cellular water content, and lean v. adipose tissue mass. Anthropometric data fortified with BIA data detect deteriorating health and nutrition sooner than anthropometrics alone. (Glew et al. 2001; VanderJagt et al. 2000; VanderJagt et al. 2001).

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks to David Helgren and Evelyn Ravuri for their very helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. The criticisms of Population and Environment’s editor and anonymous reviewers proved to be very valuable as well. Thanks also to Scott Youngstedt for sharing a document from Niamey, and to Ellen White for preparing the figures. Among the several hundred Nigerians and Nigeriens who helped to make this work possible, Mohammed Iliya (Department of Geography, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto), Bagudu Natilli Kalgo (field assistant), and Mahamane Goni Boulama (consultant) deserve special thanks. Fieldwork in northern Nigeria was supported by a Fulbright-Hays doctoral dissertation award. The National Geographic Society’s Research and Exploration Committee funded research in Niger.

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    John Grolle

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Grolle, J. High-resolution mapping of rural poverty and famine vulnerability in the Sahel: a possible approach for the Republic of Niger. Popul Environ 35, 68–97 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-012-0180-6

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