Abstract
The health benefits of herbs and herbal products are gaining more attention in southeast Asia. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been supporting countries to promote application of traditional medicines so that this valuable resource is utilized safely and effectively. In Thailand, many traditional herbal recipes have been established since ancient times. Since then, they have been carefully modified, based on the wisdom of traditional Thai medicine practitioners. For this study, a traditional Thai antihypertensive herbal recipe (TTAH) was selected and studied in detail. According to WHO guidelines, both analysis of a sizeable chemical constituent, and formulation data of a product, are a requirement to support a clinical trial for an herbal recipe. Therefore, high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was used to investigate the chemical fingerprints, chemical constituents, and putative active ingredients of the TTAH. Eight chemical fingerprints were established. Metabolic profiling of 10 possible compounds was also identified and all were shown to be active pharmaceutical compounds. An attempt was also made to prepare a suitable formulation of the TTAH, to standardize the amount of active ingredients per dose, and to improve patient compliance. All evaluated parameters guided us to prepare the TTAH as a capsule. This informative data can be included in part of the chemistry–manufacturing–control guidance prior to phase 1/2 clinical trials.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CMC:
-
Chemistry–manufacturing–control
- TM:
-
Traditional medicines
- TTM:
-
Traditional Thai medicine
- TTAH:
-
Traditional Thai antihypertensive herbal recipe
References
Akarasereenont P, Thitilertdecha P, Chotewuttakorn S et al (2010) Chromatographic fingerprint development for quality assessment of “Ayurved Siriraj Prasachandaeng” antipyretic drug. Siriraj Med J 62:4–8
Alderborn G (2002) Tablets and compaction. In: Aulton ME (ed) Pharmaceutics the science of dosage form design. Churchill Livingstone, London 398 pp
Aromdee C (2012) The qualitative and quantitative determinations of volatile constituents in some herbal medicines by gas chromatography. Gas chromatography in plant science, wine technology, toxicology and some specific applications. Intech, Rijeka
Arul V, Miyazaki S, Dhananjayen R (2005) Studies on the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of the leaves of Aegle marmelos Corr. J Ethnopharmacol 96(4):159–163. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.013
Bassey E, Jackson C, Aquaisua A et al (2011) Effect of Piper nigrum on stomach of wistar rat. Int J Pharm Biomed Res 2(2):68–73
Bertin R, Chen Z, Martinez-Vazquez M et al (2013) Vasodilation and radical-scavenging activity of imperatorin and selected coumarinic and flavonoid compounds from genus Casimiroa. Phytomedicine (in press). 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.030
Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L et al (2002) Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:645–650. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.034728
Bureau of Policy and Strategy Ministry of Public Health (2013) Thai Ministry of Public Health database. http://203.157.10.11/report/index.php
Cao YJ, He X, Wang N et al (2013) Effects of imperatorin, the active component from Radix Angelicae (Baizhi) on the blood pressure and oxidative stress in 2 K, 1C hypertensive rats. Phytomedicine 20(12):1048–1054. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.021
Chantong B, Kampeera T, Sirimanapong W et al (2008) Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of plants commonly used in veterinary medicine. Paper presented at international workshop on medicinal and aromatic plants. Chiang Mai, Thailand, 15–18 January 2007
Charoensin S (2008) Inhibitory mechanism of pinostrobin isolated from Boesenbergia pandurata on diethylnitrosamine-induced initiation stage of rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Dissertation, Chiang Mai University
Charoensin S, Punvittayagul C, Pompimon W et al (2010) Toxicological and clastogenic evaluation of pinocembrin and pinostrobin isolated from Boesenbergia pandurata in Wistar rats. Thai J Toxicol 25(1):29–40
Chavalittumrong P, Attawish A, Chuthaputti A et al (1997) Toxicological study of crude extract of Tinospora crispa Mier ex Hook F. & Thoms. Thai. J Pharm Sci 21(4):199–210
Chotchoungchatchai S, Saralamp P, Jenjittikul T et al (2012) Medicinal plants used with Thai traditional medicine in modern healthcare service: a case study in Kabchoeng hospital, Surin province, Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol 141(1):193–205. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.019
Chunlaratthanaphorn S, Lertprasertsuke N, Srisawat U et al (2007) Acute and subchronic toxicity study of the water extract from dried fruits of Piper nigrum L. in rats. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 29:109–124
Dharmananda S (2013) Dosage and form of herbs: decoctions, dried decoctions, powders, pills, etc. http://www.pacificcollege.edu/pcom_static/publications/audio/pdf/dharmananda-herbformdose.pdf
Fahey JW, Stephenson KK (2002) Pinostrobin from honey and Thai ginger (Boesenbergia pandurata): a potent flavonoid inducer of mammalian phase 2 chemoprotective and antioxidant enzymes. J Agric Food Chem 50(25):7472–7476. doi:10.1021/jf025692k
Franz C (1999) Zuchtung und Anbau von Arnzeipflanzen. In: Rimpler H (ed) Biogene Arzneistoffe, 2nd edn. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp 1–19
Georgiev M, Pastore S, Lulli D et al (2012) Verbascum xanthophoeniceum-derived phenylethanoid glycosides are potent inhibitors of inflammatory chemokines in dormant and interferon-gamma-stimulated human keratinocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 144(3):754–760. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.035
Guo W, Sun J, Jiang L et al (2012) Imperatorin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation by suppressing NF-κB and MAPKs activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Inflammation 35(6):1764–1772. doi:10.1007/s10753-012-9495-9
Hlavackova L, Urbanova A, Ulicna O et al (2010) Piperine, active substance of black pepper, alleviates hypertension induced by NO synthase inhibition. Bratisl Lek Listy 111(8):426–431
Huang GJ, Deng JS, Liao JC (2012) Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 participate in anti-inflammatory activity of imperatorin from Glahnia littoralis. J Agric Food Chem 60(7):1673–1681. doi:10.1021/jf204297e
Itharat A, Sakpakdeejaroen I (2010) Determination of cytotoxic compounds of Thai traditional medicine called Benjakul using HPLC. J Med Assoc Thai 93(7):S198–S203
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL et al (2013) 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
Kadir FA, Othman F, Abdulla MA et al (2011) Effect of Tinospora crispa on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 43:64–68. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.75673
Kamalakkannan N, Prince PSM (2003) Hypoglycaemic effect of water extracts of Aegle marmelos fruits in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 87:207–210. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00148-X
Kamarazaman IS, Amorn ZH, Ali RM et al (2012) Inhibitory properties of Tinospora crispa extracts on TNF-α induced inflammation on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS). Int J Trop Med 7:24–29. doi:10.3923/ijtmed.2012.24.29
Karnick CR (1992) Clinical evaluation of Cyperus rotundus Linn. (Motha) on obesity: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial on Indian patients. Indian Med 4:7–10
Kim SS, Son YO, Chun JC et al (2005) Antioxidant property of an active component purified from the leaves of paraquat-tolerant Rehmannia glutinosa. Redox Rep 10(6):311–318
Kim DY, Kim MS, Sa BK et al (2012) Boesenbergia pandurata attenuates diet-induced obesity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase and regulating lipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 13:994–1005. doi:10.3390/ijms13010994
Kumar S, Singhal V, Roshan R et al (2007) Piperine inhibits TNF-α induced adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial monolayer through suppression of NF-κ and IκB kinase activation. Eur J Pharmacol 575:177–186. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.056
Kumar S, Saravana KM, Raja B (2010) Efficacy of piperine, an alkaloidal constituent of pepper on nitric oxide, antioxi-dants and lipid peroxidation markers in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats. Int J Res Pharm Sci 1(3):300–307
Laupattarakasem P, Houghton PJ, Hoult JRS et al (2003) An evaluation of the activity related to inflammation of four plants used in Thailand to treat arthritis. J Ethnopharmacol 85(2–3):207–215. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00367-7
Lemaure B, Touche A, Zbinden I et al (2007) Administration of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract prevents weight gain in obese Zucker rats. Phytother Res 21:724–730. doi:10.1002/ptr.2147
Li X, Chen H, Jia W, Xie G et al (2013) A metabolomics-based strategy for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine: Shengmai injection as a case study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 10.1155/2013/836179
Lu CM, Hou ML, Lin LC et al (2013) Chemical and physical methods to analyze a multicomponent traditional Chinese herbal prescription using LC–MS/MS, electron microscope, and Congo red staining. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:1–10. doi:10.1155/2013/952796
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al (2013) ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension (ESH) and of the European society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 34(28):2159–2219. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc
Matsuda H, Ninomiya K, Morikawa T et al (2008) Protective effects of amide constituents from the fruit of Piper chaba on D-galactosamine/TNF-α-induced cell death in mouse hepatocytes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18:2038–2042. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.050
Matsuda H, Ninomiya K, Morikawa T et al (2009) Hepatoprotective amide constituents from the fruit of Piper chaba: structural requirements, mode of action, and new amides. Bioorg Med Chem 17:7313–7323. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.050
Mongkolrat S, Palanuvej C, Ruangrungsi N (2012) Quality assessment and liriodenine quantification of Nelumbo nucifera dried leaf in Thailand. Pharmacogn J 4(32):24–28. doi:10.5530/pj.2012.32.5
Morikawa T (2010) Search for TNF-alpha sensitivity degradation principles from medicinal foods-hepatoprotective amide constituents from Thai natural medicine Piper chaba. Yakugaku Zasshi 130(6):785–791. doi:10.1248/yakushi.130.785
Najar IA, Sachin BS, Sharma SC et al (2010) Modulation of P-glycoprotein ATPase activity by some phytoconstituents. Phytother Res 24:454–458. doi:10.1002/ptr.2951
Noor H, Ashcroft SJH (1989) Antidiabetic effects of Tinospora cripa in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 27:149–161. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(89)90087-1
Noysang C (1998) The phytochemical studies of Thai bael fruits, Aegle marmelos Correa (L.). Dissertation, Mahidol University
Oh H, Lee HS, Kim T et al (2002) Furocoumarins from Angelica dahurica with hepatoprotective activity on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. Planta Med 68(5):463–464. doi:10.1055/s-2002-32075
Ong ES (2004) Extraction methods and chemical standardization of botanicals and herbal preparations. J Chromatogr B 812:23–33. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.07.041
Panda S, Kar A (2009) Periplogenin-3-O–D-glucopyranosyl -(1 → 6)–D-glucopyaranosyl-(1 → 4)–D cymaropyranoside, isolated from Aegle marmelos protects doxorubicin induced cardiovascular problems and hepatotoxicity in Rats. Cardiovasc Ther 27:108–116. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2009.00078.x
Pathak N, Khandlewal S (2006) Cytoprotective and immunomodulating properties of piperine on murine splinocytes: an in vitro study. Eur J Pharmacol 576:160. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.033
Pathak N, Khandlewal S (2007) Role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in cadmium induced thymic atropy and splenomegaly in mice. Toxicol Lett 169:95. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.12.009
Peerapattana J, Otsuka K, Otsuka M (2013) Application of NIR spectroscopy for the quality control of mangosteen pericarp powder: quantitative analysis of alpha-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp powder and capsule. J Nat Med 67(3):452–459. doi:10.1007/s11418-012-0698-z
Peltonen PA, Vapaavuori E, Julkunen-Tiitto R (2005) Accumulation of phenolic compounds in birch leaves is changed by elevated carbon dioxide and oxone. Glob Change Biol 11:1305–1324. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00979.x
Picheansunthorn C, Chavalit M, Chirawong W (2011) Explanation of text on Pra Osoth Pra Narai. Ammarin Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd., Bangkok, pp 109–110
Praman S, Mulvany MJ, Allenbach Y et al (2011) Effects of an n-butanol extract from the stem of Tinospora crispa on blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized rats. J Ethnopharmacol 133:675–686. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.052
Praman S, Mulvany MJ, Williams DE et al (2012) Hypotensive and cardio-chronotropic constituents of Tinospora crispa and mechanisms of action on the cardiovascular system in anesthetized rats. J Ethnopharmacol 140:166–178. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.006
Puavilai W, Laorugpongse D (2000) Hypertension at Ampur Ban Paew and some risk factors of hypertension. Bull Dept Med Serv 25:116–123
Puavilai W, Prompongsa S, Siriwiwattnakul N et al (2011) Prevalence and some important risk factors of hypertension in Ban Paew district, Second Report. J Med Assoc Thai 94(9):1069–1076
Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA (2011) Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal Behav 6(11):1720–1731. doi:10.4161/psb.6.11.17613
Rasmussen B, Cloarec O, Tang H et al (2006) Multivariate analysis of integrated and full-resolution 1H-NMR spectral data from complex pharmaceutical prepations: St. John’s wort. Planta Med 72(6):556–563. doi:10.1055/s-2006-931567
Raut NA, Gaikwad NJ (2006) Antidiabetic activity of hydroethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus in alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Fitoterapia 77:585–588. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.09.006
Reena K, Abhimanyu K, Kumar KNS et al (2013) Formulation and standardization of Medhya Rasayana—a novel Ayurvedic compound nootropic drug. Pharmacogn J 5:72–76. doi:10.1016/j.phcgj.2013.03.004
Ruan CT, Lam SH, Chi TC et al (2012) Borapetoside C from Tinospora crispa improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Phytomedicine 19(8–9):719–724. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2012.03.009
Sachdewa A, Raina D, Srivastava AK et al (2001) Effect of Aegle marmelos and Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract on glucose tolerance in glucose induced hyperglycemic rats (Charles foster). J Environ Biol 22:53–57
Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S et al (2010) Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia 81:462–471. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001
Sakunpak A, Suksaeree J, Monton M et al (2014) Quantitative analysis of & γ-oryzanol content in cold pressed rice bran oil by TLC-image analysis method. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4(2):119–123. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60219-7
Santoro A, Bianco G, Picerno P et al (2008) Verminoside- and verbascoside-induced genotoxicity on human lymphocytes: involvement of PARP-1 and p53 proteins. Toxicol Lett 178(2):71–76. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.02.006
Santos-Cruz LF, Ávila-Acevedo JG, Ortega-Capitaine D et al (2012) Verbascoside is not genotoxic in the ST and HB crosses of the Drosophila wing spot test, and its constituent, caffeic acid, decreases the spontaneous mutation rate in the ST cross. Food Chem Toxicol 50(3–4):1082–1090. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.006
Saraithong P, Saenphet S, Saenphet K (2010) Safety evaluation of ethanol extracts from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. in male rats. Trend Res. Sci Technol 2(1):19–22
Schapoval EE, Vargas MR, Chaves CG et al (1998) Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Stachytarpheta cayennensis. J Ethnopharmacol 60:53–59. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00136-0
Seo WS, Pae HO, Oh GS et al (2001) Inhibitory effects of methanol extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes on nitric oxide and superoxide productions by murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 76:59–64. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00221-5
Sharma G, Gupta V, Sharma S et al (2010) Toothache plant Spilanthes Acmella Murr.: a review. J Nat Conscientia 1:135–142
Shindo K, Kato M, Kinoshita A et al (2006) Analysis of antioxidant activities contained in the Boesenbergia pandurata Schult. Rhizome. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:2281–2284. doi:10.1271/bbb.60086
Singanan V, Singanan M, Begum H (2007) The hepatoprotective effect of bael leaves (Aegle marmelos) in alocohol induced liver injury in albino rats. Int J Sci Technol 2:83–92
Singh R, Rao HS (2008) Hepatoprotective effect of the pulp/seed of Aegle Marmelos correa ex Roxb against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. Int J Green Pharm 2:232–234
Singh N, Pandey BR, Verma P, Bhalla M, Gilca M et al (2012) Phyto-pharmacotherapeutics of Cyperus rotundus Linn (Motha.): an overview. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 3(4):467–476
Siripong P, Kupradinan P, Piyaviriyagul S et al (2001) Chronic toxicity of Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. in rats. Bull Dep. Med Sci 43(4):293–307
Sitthi-Amorn C, Chandraprasert S, Bunnag SC et al (1989) The prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in Klong Toey slum and Klong Toey government apartment houses. Int J Epidemiol 18:89–94
Sohn JH, Han KL, Lee SH et al (2005) Protective effects of panduratin A against oxidative damage of tert-butylhydroperoxide in human HepG2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 28(6):1083–1086
Somchaichana J, Bunaprasert T, Patumraj S (2012) Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Ethanol extract enhancement of the efficacy of the collagen scaffold in wound closure: a study in a full-thickness-wound mouse model. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012:1–8. doi:10.1155/2012/754527
Soromou LW, Chu X, Jiang L et al (2012) In vitro and in vivo protection provided by pinocembrin against lipopolysaccharideinduced inflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 14(1):66–74. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.009
Soromou LW, Jiang L, Wei M et al (2014) Protection of mice against lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock by pinocembrin is correlated with regulation of cytokine secretion. J Immunotoxicol 11(1):56–61. doi:10.3109/1547691X.2013.792886
Speranza L, Franceschelli S, Pesce M et al (2010) Antiinflammatory effects in THP-1 cells treated with verbascoside. Phytother Res 24:1398–1404. doi:10.1002/ptr.3173
Streb P, Aubert S, Gout E et al (2003) Cold- and light-induced changes of metabolite and antioxidant levels in two high mountain plant species Soldanella alpine and Ranunculus glacialis and a lowland species Pisum sativum. Physiol Plant 118(1):96–104
Summers M (2002) Powders and granules. In: Aulton ME (ed) Pharmaceutics the science of dosage form design. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 361–363
Sundaram EN, Raddy EN, Uma MP et al (2009) Effect of alcoholic extracts of Indian medicinal plants on the altered enzymatic activities of diabetic rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 71:594–598. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.58175
Taqvi SI, Shah AJ, Gilani AH (2008) Blood pressure lowering and vasomodulator effects of piperine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 52:452–458. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e31818d07c0
Tewtrakul S, Subhadhirasakul S, Karalai C (2009) Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds from Kaempferia parviflora and Boesenbergia pandurata. Food Chem 115(2):534–538. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.057
Thanabhorn S, Jaijoy K, Thamaree S et al (2005) Acute and subacute toxicities of the ethanol extract from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus Linn. Mu J Pharm 32(1–2):15–22
The United State Pharmacopeial Convention (2009) The United State Pharmacopeia 33/The National Formulary 28. United Book Press, Maryland, pp R74–R112
Tripatara P, Onlamul W, Booranasubkajorn S et al (2012) The safety of Homnawakod herbal formula containing Aristolochia tagala Cham. in Wistar rats. BMC Complemt Altern Med 12:170. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-170
Tuchinda P, Reutrakul V, Claeson P et al (2002) Anti-inflammatory cylohexenyl chalcone derivatives in Boesenbergia pandurata. Phytochemistry 59:169–173. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00451-4
Upadhya S, Shanbhag KK, Suneetha G et al (2004) A study of hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 48:476–480
Veerappan A, Miyazaki S, Kadarkaraisamy M et al (2007) Acute and subacute toxicity studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an Indian medicinal plant. Phytomedicine 14(2–3):209–215. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.05.004
Verpoorte R, Choi YH, Kim HK (2007) NMR-based metabolomics at work in phytochemistry. Phytochem Rev 6:3–14. doi:10.1007/s11101-006-9031-3
Vidya S, Sravya D, Neeraja P et al (2011) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of poly herbal formulation (PHF) in albino rats. Int J Res Pharm Sci 2(3):444–449
Vijayakumar RS, Surya D, Nalini N (2004) Antioxidant efficacy of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine in rats with high fat diet induced oxidative stress. Redox Rep 9:105–110
Wahyuni Y, Ballester AR, Tikunov Y et al (2013) Metabolomics and molecular marker analysis to explore pepper (Capsicum sp.) biodiversity. Metabolomics 9:130–144. doi:10.1007/s11306-012-0432-6
WHO (1998) Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1998/9241545100.pdf
WHO (2005) National policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicine: report of a WHO global survey. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js7916e/
WHO (2011) Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/h1791e/h1791e.pdf
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (2004) Guideline for the regulation of herbal medicines in the South-East Asia Region. http://www.searo.who.int/entity/medicines/documents/sea-trad.med-82/en/index.html
WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific (1993) Research guideline for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2946e/
WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (2005) Operation guidance: information needed to support clinical trials of herbal products. http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/operational-guidance-eng.pdf
Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ et al (2004) British hypertension society guidelines for hypertension management 2004 (BHS-IV): summary. BMJ 328:634–640
Wu QY, Zhou Y, Jin X, Guan Y et al (2011) Chromatographic fingerprint and the simultaneous determination of five bioactive components of Geranium carolinianum L. water extract by high performance liquid chromatography. Int J Mol Sci 12:8740–8749. doi:10.3390/ijms12128740
Xiong Q, Hase K, Tezuka Y et al (1998) Hepatoprotective activity of phenylethanoids from Cistanche deserticola. Planta Med 64(2):120–125. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957387
Yan-ze L, Yue-wei LD (2012) Standardization and identification of minor components of silymarin (MK-001). CHMS 4(3):237–244. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6384.2012.03.011
Yao H, Peiying Shi, Shao Q et al (2011) Chemical fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of a Panax notoginseng preparation using HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS. Chin Med 6:9. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-6-9
Yi L, Yuan D, Liang Y, Xie P, Zhao Y et al (2007) Quality control and discrimination of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride based on high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints and multivariate statistical analysis. Anal Chim Acta 588:207–215. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.012
Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Verpoorte R (2011) Comprehensive extraction method integrated with NMR metabolomics: a new bioactivity screening method for plants, adenosine A1 receptor binding compounds in Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Anal Chem 83(17):6902–6906. doi:10.1021/ac201458n
Yun JM, Kwon H, Hwang JK (2003) In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of panduratin A isolated from Kaempferia pandurata in RAW264.7 cells. Planta Med 69:1102–1108. doi:10.1055/s-2003-45190
Zhou B (2011) Computational analysis of LC–MS/MS data for metabolite identification. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Zhou Z, Fu C (2013) A new flavanone and other constituents from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus and their antioxidant activities. Chem Nat Compd 48(6):963–965. doi:10.1007/s10600-013-0439-x
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Rangsit University research fund (Grant No. 71/2555). An RSU international conferences grant is also acknowledged. We also thank KI Tull and Joseph Masterson for assistance with the English in this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Charoonratana, T., Songsak, T., Monton, C. et al. Quantitative analysis and formulation development of a traditional Thai antihypertensive herbal recipe. Phytochem Rev 13, 511–524 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9359-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9359-z