Abstract
This paper serves as our first effort to develop a new triangular spectral element method (TSEM) on unstructured meshes, using the rectangle–triangle mapping proposed in the conference note (Li et al. 2011). Here, we provide some new insights into the originality and distinctive features of the mapping, and show that this transform only induces a logarithmic singularity, which allows us to devise a fast, stable and accurate numerical algorithm for its removal. Consequently, any triangular element can be treated as efficiently as a quadrilateral element, which affords a great flexibility in handling complex computational domains. Benefited from the fact that the image of the mapping includes the polynomial space as a subset, we are able to obtain optimal L 2- and H 1-estimates of approximation by the proposed basis functions on triangle. The implementation details and some numerical examples are provided to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. All these will pave the way for developing an unstructured TSEM based on, e.g., the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin formulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, R.A.: Sobolev Spaces. Acadmic Press, New York (1975)
Boyd, J.P., Yu, F.: Comparing seven spectral methods for interpolation and for solving the Poisson equation in a disk: Zernike polynomials, Logan–Shepp ridge polynomials, Chebyshev–Fourier series, cylindrical Robert functions, Bessel–Fourier expansions, square-to-disk conformal mapping and radial basis functions. J. Comput. Phys. 230(4), 1408–1438 (2011)
Canuto, C., Hussaini, M.Y., Quarteroni, A., Zang, T.A.: Spectral Methods: Fundamentals in Single Domains. Scientific Computation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2006)
Canuto, C., Hussaini, M.Y., Quarteroni, A., Zang, T.A.: Spectral Methods: Evolution to Complex Geometries and Applications to Fluid Dynamics. Scientific Computation. Springer, Berlin (2007)
Chen, L., Shen, J., Xu, C.: A triangular spectral method for the Stokes equations. Numer. Math.: Theory Methods Appl. 4, 158–179 (2011)
Chen, Q., Babuška, I.M.: Approximate optimal points for polynomial interpolation of real functions 529 in an interval and in a triangle. Comput. Methods Appl. Math. Eng. 128(2), 405–417 (1995)
Chernov, A.: Optimal convergence estimates for the trace of the polynomial L 2-projection operator on a simplex. Math. Comput. 81(278), 765–787 (2011)
Ciarlet, P.G.: The Finite Element Method for Elliptic Problems. North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1978)
Cockburn, B., Gopalakrishnan, J., Lazarov, R.: Unified hybridization of discontinuous Galerkin, mixed, and continuous Galerkin methods for second order elliptic problems. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 47(2), 1319–1365 (2009)
Deville, M.O., Fischer, P.F., Mund, E.H.: High-Order Methods for Incompressible Fluid Flow. Cambridge Monographs on Applied and Computational Mathematics, vol. 9. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002)
Dubiner, M.: Spectral methods on triangles and other domains. J. Sci. Comput. 6(4), 345–390 (1991)
Duffy, M.G.: Quadrature over a pyramid or cube of integrands with a singularity at a vertex. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 19(6), 1260–1262 (1982)
Gautschi, W.: Gauss quadrature routines for two classes of logarithmic weight functions. Numer. Algorithms 55(2–3), 265–277 (2010)
Gordon, W.J., Hall, C.A.: Construction of curvilinear co-ordinate systems and applications to mesh generation. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 7, 461–477 (1973)
Gradshteyn, I.S., Ryzhik, I.M.: Table of Integrals, Series and Products, 7th Edn. Academic Press, New York (2007)
Guo, B.Y., Shen, J., Wang, L.: Optimal spectral-Galerkin methods using generalized Jacobi polynomials. J. Sci. Comput 27(1–3), 305–322 (2006)
Guo, B.Y., Wang, L.: Error analysis of spectral method on a triangle. Adv. Comput. Math. 26(4), 473–496 (2007)
Heinrichs, W.: Spectral collocation schemes on the unit disc. J. Comput. Phys. 199, 55–86 (2004)
Helenbrook, B.T.: On the existence of explicit hp-finite element methods using Gauss–Lobatto integration on the triangle. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 47(2), 1304–1318 (2009)
Hesthaven, J.S.: From electrostatics to almost optimal nodal sets for polynomial interpolation in a simplex. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 35(2), 655–676 (1998)
Hylleraas, E.A.: Linearization of products of Jacobi polynomials. Math. Scand. 10, 189–200 (1962)
Karniadakis, G.E., Sherwin, S.J.: Spectral/hp Element Methods for Computational Fluid Dynamics. Numerical Mathematics and Scientific Computation, 2nd Edn. Oxford University Press, New York (2005)
Kirby, R.M., Sherwin, S.J., Cockburn, B.: To CG or to HDG: a comparative study. J. Sci. Comput. 51(1), 183–212 (2012)
Koornwinder, T.: Two-Variable Analogues of the Classical Orthogonal Polynomials. In: Theory and Application of Special Functions (Proc. Advanced Sem., Math. Res. Center, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1975) pp. 435–495. Math. Res. Center, Univ. Wisconsin, Publ. No, p. 35. Academic Press, New York (1975)
Li, H., Shen, J.: Optimal error estimates in Jacobi-weighted Sobolev spaces for polynomial approximations on the triangle. Math. Comput. 79(271), 1621–1646 (2010)
Li, H., Wang, L.: A spectral method on tetrahedra using rational basis functions. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Model. 7(2), 330–355 (2010)
Li, Y., Wang, L., Li, H., Ma, H.: A New Spectral Method on Triangles. In: Spectral and High Order Methods for Partial Differential Equations: Selected papers from the ICOSAHOM ’09 conference, June 22–26, Trondheim, Norway. Lecture Notes in Computational Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 76, pp. 237–246. Springer, New York (2011)
Nguyen, N.C., Peraire, J., Cockburn, B.: Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin Methods. In: Spectral and High Order Methods for Partial Differential Equations: Selected Papers from the ICOSAHOM ’09 Conference, June 22–26, Trondheim, Norway. Lecture Notes in Computational Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 76, pp. 63–84. Springer, New York (2011)
Pasquetti, R., Rapetti, F.: Spectral element methods on unstructured meshes: comparisons and recent advances. J. Sci. Comput. 27(1–3), 377–387 (2006)
Pasquetti, R., Rapetti, F.: Spectral element methods on unstructured meshes: which interpolation points? Numer. Algorithms 55(2–3), 349–366 (2010)
Patera, A.T.: A spectral element method for fluid dynamics: laminar flow in a channel expansion. J. Comput. Phys. 54(3), 468–488 (1984)
Schwab, C.: p- and hp-Finite Element Methods: Theory and Applications in Solid and Fluid Mechanics. Numerical Mathematics and Scientific Computation. Oxford Science, Oxford, UK (1998) 587
Shen, J., Tang, T., Wang, L.: Spectral Methods: Algorithms, Analysis and Applications. Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 41. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2011)
Shen, J., Wang, L., Li, H.: A triangular spectral element method using fully tensorial rational basis functions. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 47(3), 1619–1650 (2009)
Szegö, G.: Orthogonal Polynomials, 4th Edn, Vol. 23. AMS Coll. Publ., Providence, RI (1975)
Taylor, M.A., Wingate, B.A., Vincent, R.E.: An algorithm for computing Fekete points in the triangle. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 38(5), 1707–1720 (2000)
Weber, H.: Lehrbuch der Algebra. Erster Band, Braunschweig (1912)
Xie, Z., Wang, L., Zhao, X.: On exponential convergence of Gegenbauer interpolation and spectral differentiation. Math. Comput., electronically published on 21 August 2012
Xu, Y.: Common Zeros of Polynomials in Several Variables and Higher Dimensional Quadrature. Chapman & Hall/CRC, London, UK (1994)
Xu, Y.: On Gauss–Lobatto integration on the triangle. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 49(2), 541–548 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The research of Michael Daniel Samson and Li-Lian Wang is partially supported by Singapore AcRF Tier 1 Grant RG58/08.
The work of Huiyuan Li was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Grants 10601056 and 10971212.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Samson, M.D., Li, H. & Wang, LL. A new triangular spectral element method I: implementation and analysis on a triangle. Numer Algor 64, 519–547 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11075-012-9677-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11075-012-9677-4