Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Disturbance of Emotion Processing in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Synthesis of Cognitive and Neuroimaging Findings

  • Review
  • Published:
Neuropsychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Accurate processing of emotional information is a critical component of appropriate social interactions and interpersonal relationships. Disturbance of emotion processing is present in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and is a clinical feature in two of the three subtypes: behavioural-variant FTD and semantic dementia. Emotion processing in progressive nonfluent aphasia, the third FTD subtype, is thought to be mostly preserved, although current evidence is scant. This paper reviews the literature on emotion recognition, reactivity and expression in FTD subtypes, although most studies focus on emotion recognition. The relationship between patterns of emotion processing deficits and patterns of neural atrophy are considered, by integrating evidence from recent neuroimaging studies. The review findings are discussed in the context of three contemporary theories of emotion processing: the limbic system model, the right hemisphere model and a multimodal system of emotion. Results across subtypes of FTD are most consistent with the multimodal system model, and support the presence of somewhat dissociable neural correlates for basic emotions, with strongest evidence for the emotions anger and sadness. Poor emotion processing is evident in all three subtypes, although deficits are more widespread than what would be predicted based on studies in healthy cohorts. Studies that include behavioural and imaging data are limited. Future investigations combining these approaches will help improve the understanding of the neural network underlying emotion processing. Presently, longitudinal investigations of emotion processing in FTD are lacking, and studies investigating emotion processing over time are critical to understand the clinical manifestations of disease progression in FTD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adolphs, R. (1999). Social cognition and the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(12), 469–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R. (2002a). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 169–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R. (2002b). Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: Psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 1(1), 21–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1996). Cortical systems for the recognition of emotion in facial expressions. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(23), 7678–7687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(6), 68–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (2003). Dissociable neural systems for recognizing emotions. Brain and Cognition, 52(1), 61–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1994). Impaired recognition of emotion in facial empressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature, 372(6507), 669–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1995). Fear and the human amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience, 15(9), 5879–5891.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Hamann, S., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., Phelps, E. A., et al. (1999). Recognition of facial emotion in nine individuals with bilateral amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1111–1117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A., Spencer, D. D., Fullbright, R. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2000). Contribution of the anteromedial temporal lobes to the evaluation of facial emotion. Neuropsychology, 14(4), 526–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babinski, J. (1914). Contributions of cerebral hemispheric organisation in the study of mental troubles. Revue Neurologique, 27, 845–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bard, P. (1928). A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the central nervous system. American Journal of Physiology, 84(3), 490–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bard, P., & Rioch, D. M. (1937). A study of four cats deprived of neocortex and additional portions of the brain. John Hopkins Medical Journal, 60, 73–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bediou, B., Ryff, I., Mercier, B., Milliery, M., Henaff, M.-A., D'Amato, T., et al. (2009). Impaired social cognition in mild Alzheimer disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 22(2), 130–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, J. R., Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., & Dolan, R. J. (1999). Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain, 122(5), 883–893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., & Cipolotti, L. (2000). Impaired social response reversal: A case of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Brain, 123(6), 1122–1141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borod, J. C., Andelman, F., Obler, L. K., Tweedy, J. R., & Welkowitz, J. (1992). Right hemisphere specialisation for the identification of emotional words and sentences: Evidence from stroke patients. Neuropsychologia, 30(9), 827–844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borod, J. C., Obler, L. K., Erhan, L. K., Grunwald, I. S., Cicero, B. A., Welkowitz, J., et al. (1998). Right hemisphere emotion perception: Evidence across multiple channels. Neuropsychology, 12(3), 446–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, D., Bauer, R. M., Coslett, H. B., & Heilman, K. M. (1985). Processing of faces by patients with unilateral hemisphere lesions: Dissociation between judgements of facial affect and facial identity. Brain and Cognition, 4(3), 258–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, D., Blonder, L., & Heilman, K. (1992). The Florida Affect Battery. Gainesville: Centre for Neuropsychological Studies, University of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brambati, S. M., Rankin, K. P., Narvid, J., Seeley, W. W., Dean, D., Rosen, H. J., et al. (2009). Atrophy progression in semantic dementia with assymmetric temporal involvement: A tensor-based morphometry study. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 103–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broca, P. (1878). Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la serie des mammifères. Revue Anthropologique, 1, 385–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broe, M., Hodges, J. R., Schofield, E., Shepherd, C. E., Kril, J. J., & Halliday, G. (2003). Staging disease severity in pathologically confirmed cases of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 60(6), 1005–1011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brothers, L. (1990). The social brain: A project for integrating primate behaviour and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts in Neuroscience, 1, 27–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, T. W., Lutz, K., Mirzazade, S., Specht, K., Jon Shah, N., Zilles, K., et al. (2000). Recognition of emotional prosody and verbal components of spoken language: An fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 9(3), 227–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabria, M., Cotelli, M., Adenzato, M., Zanetti, O., & Miniussi, C. (2009). Empathy and emotion recognition in semantic dementia: A case report. Brain and Cognition, 70(3), 247–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Lawrence, A. D., & Manes, F. (2004). Impaired recognition of anger following damage to the ventral striatum. Brain, 127(9), 1958–1969.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N., & Young, A. W. (2000). Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nature Neuroscience, 3(11), 1077–1079.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., & Young, A. W. (2001). Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(5), 352–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Perrett, D. I., Etcoff, N. L., & Rowland, D. (1996a). Categorical perception of morphed facial expressions. Visual Cognition, 3(2), 81–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Perrett, D. I., Hodges, J. R., & Etcoff, N. L. (1996b). Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: Differentially severe impairment of fear. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13(5), 699–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Glover, G. H., & Gabriell, J. (1998). Hemispheric asymmetry for emotional stimuli detected with fMRI. Neuroreport, 9(14), 3233–3239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 39(1/4), 106–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B. (1931). Again the James-Lange and the thalamic theories of emotions. Psychological Review, 38(4), 281–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carton, J. S., Kessler, E. A., & Pape, C. L. (1999). Nonverbal decoding skills and relationship wellbeing in adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 23(1), 91–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caselli, R. J., Jack, C. R. J., Petersen, R. C., Wahner, H. W., & Yanagihara, T. (1992). Asymmetric cortical degenerative syndromes: Clinical and radiologic correlations. Neurology, 42, 1462–1468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti, B., Bullmore, E. T., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Empathizing with basic emotions: Common and discrete neural substrates. Social Neuroscience, 1(3–4), 364–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D., Fox, N. C., Scahill, R., Crum, W. R., Whitwell, J. L., Leschziner, G., et al. (2001). Patterns of temporal lobe atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 49(4), 433–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel - now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 59–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. J., Ekman, P., Saron, C. D., Senulis, J. A., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 330–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, R. R., Hodges, J. R., Kril, J. J., Patterson, K., Halliday, G., & Xuereb, J. H. (2005). The pathological basis of semantic dementia. Brain, 2005(128), 1984–1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, R. R., Kipps, C. M., Mitchell, J., Kril, J. J., Halliday, G. M., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Progression in frontotemporal dementia: Identifying benign behavioural variant by magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of Neurology, 63(11), 1627–1631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl-Schmid, J., Grimmer, T., Drzezga, A., Bornschein, S., Riemenschneider, M., Forstl, H., et al. (2007a). Decline of cerebral glucose metabolism in frontotemporal dementia: A longitudinal 18F-FDG-PET study. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(1), 42–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl-Schmid, J., Pohl, C., Ruprecht, C., Wagenpfeil, S., Foerstl, H., & Kurz, A. (2007b). The Ekman 60 faces test as a diagnostic instrument in frontotemporal dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(4), 459–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3/4), 169–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of Facial Affect. San Francisco CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164(3875), 86–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, D., & Black, S. (2005). Impaired recognition of negative facial emotions in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia, 43(11), 1673–1687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, P. F., Van Erp, A. M. M., Tornatzky, W., & Miczek, K. A. (2003). Accumbal dopamine and serotonin in anticipation of the next aggressive episode in rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 17(2), 371–378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field, T. M., Woodson, R., Greenberg, R., & Cohen, D. (1982). Discrimination and imitation of facial expressions by neonates. Science, 218(4568), 179–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli, P., Pacentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P., Surguladze, S., et al. (2009). Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: A voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 34(6), 418–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghacibeh, G. A., & Heilman, K. M. (2003). Progressive affective aprosodia and prosoplegia. Neurology, 60(7), 1192–1194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodkind, M. S., Sollberger, M., Gyurak, A., Rosen, H. J., Rankin, K. P., Miller, B., et al. (2011). Tracking emotional valence: The role of the orbitofrontal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 33(4), 753–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Brambati, S. M., Ginex, V., Ogar, J. M., Dronkers, N. F., Marcone, A., et al. (2008). The logopenic/ phonological variant of primary progressive aphasia. Neurology, 71(16), 1227–1234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Dronkers, N. F., Rankin, K., Ogar, J. M., Phengrasamy, L., Rosen, H. J., et al. (2004a). Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 55(3), 335–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., et al. (2011). Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology, 76(11), 1006–1014.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Rankin, K. P., Woolley, J. D., Rosen, H. J., Phengrasamy, L., & Miller, B. L. (2004b). Cognitive and behavioral profile in a case of right anterior temporal lobe neurodegeneration. Cortex, 40(4–5), 631–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosselin, N., Peretz, I., Noulhiane, M., Hasboun, D., Beckett, C., Baulac, M., et al. (2005). Impaired recognition of scary music following unilateral temporal lobe excision. Brain, 128(3), 628–640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, A. J., Davies, R. R., Xuereb, J. H., Halliday, G., Kril, J. J., Creasey, H., et al. (2005). Pathologically proven frontotemporal dementia presenting with severe amnesia. Brain, 128(3), 597–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimmer, T., Diehl, J., Drzezga, A., Forstl, H., & Kurz, A. (2004). Region-specific decline of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with frontotemporal dementia: A prospective 18F-FDG-PET Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 18(1), 32–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grosbras, M.-H., & Paus, T. (2005). Brain networks involved in viewing angry hands or faces. Cerebral Cortex, 16(8), 1087–1096.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, M. (2010). Primary progressive aphasia: Clinicopathological correlations. Nature Reviews Neurology, 6(2), 88–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann, S. B., Stefanacci, L., Squire, L. R., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., et al. (1996). Recognizing facial emotion. Nature, 379(8), 497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer, C. J., Thilo, K. V., Rithwell, J. C., & Goodwin, G. M. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of medial-frontal cortex impairs the processing of angry facial expressions. Nature Neuroscience, 4(1), 17–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4(6), 223–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock, J., & Davis, M. (1986). Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm. Behavioural Neuroscience, 100(1), 11–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, J. R., Davies, R. R., Xuereb, J. H., Casey, B., Broe, M., Bak, T., et al. (2004). Clinicopathological correlates in frontotemporal dementia. Annals of Neurology, 56(3), 399–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, J. R., Davies, R. R., Xuereb, J. H., Kril, J. J., & Halliday, G. (2003). Survival in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 61(3), 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2007). Semantic dementia: a unique clinicopathological syndrome. The Lancet Neurology, 6(11), 1004–1014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S., & Funnell, E. (1992). Semantic dementia: Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain, 115(6), 1783–1806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoefer, M., Allison, S. C., Schauer, G. F., Neuhaus, J. M., Hall, J., Dang, J. N., et al. (2008). Fear conditioning in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 131(6), 1646–1657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornak, J., Bramham, J., Rolls, E. T., Morris, R. G., O'Doherty, J., Bullock, P. R., et al. (2003). Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain, 126(7), 1691–1712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornberger, M., Piguet, O., Graham, A. J., Nestor, P. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2010). How preserved is episodic memory in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 74(6), 473–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornberger, M., Piguet, O., Kipps, C. M., & Hodges, J. R. (2008). Executive function in progressive and nonprogressive behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 71(19), 1481–1488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, S., Foxe, D., Leslie, F., Savage, S., Piguet, O., & Hodges, J. R. (under review). Grief and joy: Emotion word comprehension in the dementias. Neuropsychology.

  • Hsieh, S., Hornberger, M., Piguet, O., & Hodges, J. R. (2011). Neural basis of music knowledge: Evidence from the dementias. Brain, 134(9), 2523–2534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, S., Hornberger, M., Piguet, O., & Hodges, J. R. (accepted). Brain correlates of musical and facial emotion recognition: Evidence from the dementias. Neuropsychologia.

  • Hu, W. T., McMillan, C., Libon, D., Leight, S., Forman, M., Lee, V. M.-Y., et al. (2010). Multimodal predictors for Alzheimer disease in nonfluent primary progressive aphasia. Neurology, 75(7), 595–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E., Fantauzzo, C. A., Castle, J. M., Haynes, O. M., Rayias, M. F., & Putnam, P. H. (1995). The ontogeny and significance of infants’ facial expressions in the first 9 months of life. Developmental Psychology, 31(6), 997–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9(34), 188–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Josephs, K. A., Duffy, J. R., Strand, E. A., Whitwell, J. L., Layton, K. F., Parisi, J. E., et al. (2006). Clinicopathological and imaging correlates of progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech. Brain, 129(6), 1385–1398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki, H., Adolphs, R., Oya, H., Kovach, C., Damasio, H., Kaufman, O., et al. (2005). Analysis of single-unit responses to emotional scenes in human ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(10), 1509–1518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, J., Calder, A. J., Hodges, J. R., & Young, A. W. (2002). Face and emotion processing in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia, 40(6), 655–665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessels, R. P. C., Gerritsen, L., Montagne, B., Ackl, N., Diehl, J., & Danek, A. (2007). Recognition of facial expression of different emotional intensities in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Behavioural Neurology, 18(1), 31–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kipps, C. M., Duggins, A. J., McCusker, E. A., & Calder, A. J. (2007a). Disgust and happiness recognition correlate with anteroventral insula and amygdala volume respectively in preclinical Huntington’s disease. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(7), 1206–1217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kipps, C. M., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Theory of mind in frontotemporal dementia. Social Neuroscience, 1(3–4), 235–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kipps, C. M., Hodges, J. R., & Hornberger, M. (2010). Nonprogressive behavioural frontotemporal dementia: Recent developments and clinical implications of the “bvFTD phenocopy syndrome”. Current Opinion in Neurology, 23(6), 628–632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kipps, C. M., Mioshi, E., & Hodges, J. R. (2009a). Emotion, social functioning and activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase, 15(3), 182–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kipps, C. M., Nestor, P. J., Acosta-Cabronero, J., Arnold, R., & Hodges, J. R. (2009b). Understanding social dysfunction in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. The role of emotion and sarcasm processing. Brain, 132(3), 592–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kipps, C. M., Nestor, P. J., Fryer, T. D., & Hodges, J. R. (2007b). Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia: Not all it seems? Neurocase, 13(4), 237–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knibb, J. A., Xuereb, J. H., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Clinical and pathological diagnosis in progressive nonfluent aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 59(1), 156–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kril, J. J., Macdonald, V., Patel, S., Png, F., & Halliday, G. (2005). Distribution of brain atrophy in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 232, 83–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumfor, F., Miller, L., Lah, S., Hsieh, S., Savage, S., Hodges, J. R., et al. (2011). Are you really angry? The effect of intensity on emotion recognition in frontotemporal dementia. Social Neuroscience, 6(5–6), 502–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron, 20(5), 937–945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambon Ralph, M. A., McClelland, J. L., Patterson, K., Galton, C. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2001). No right to speak? The relationship between object naming and semantic impairment: Neuropsychological evidence from a computational model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(3), 341–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, C. (1922). The emotions (I. A. Haupt, Trans.). In K. Dunlap (Ed.), (pp. 33–90). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

  • Lavenu, I., & Pasquier, F. (2005). Perception of emotion on faces in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: A longitudinal study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 19(1), 37–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavenu, I., Pasquier, F., Lebert, F., Petit, H., & Van der Linden, M. (1999). Perception of emotion in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 13(2), 96–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23(1), 155–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leyton, C. E., Villemagne, V. L., Savage, S., Pike, K. E., Ballard, K. J., Piguet, O., et al. (2011). Subtypes of progressive aphasia: Application of the international consensus criteria and validation using β-amyloid imaging. Brain, 134(10), 3030–3043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lough, S., Gregory, C., & Hodges, J. R. (2001). Dissociation of social cognition and executive dysfunction in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase, 7(2), 123–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lough, S., Kipps, C. M., Treise, C., Watson, P., Blair, J. R., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Social reasoning, emotion and empathy in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia, 44(6), 950–958.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louilot, A., Le Moal, M., & Simon, H. (1986). Differential reactivity of dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens in response to different behavioural situations. An in vivo voltammetric study in free moving rats. Brain Research, 397(2), 395–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loy, C., Kril, J. J., Troller, J., Kiernan, M., Kwok, J., Vucic, S., et al. (2010). A 48 year-old woman with bizarre and complex delusions. Nature Reviews Neurology, 6(3), 347–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, P. D. (1949). Psychosomatic disease and the “visceral brain”: Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11(6), 338–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, S., Bornhofen, C., Shum, D., Long, E., Saunders, C., & Neulinger, K. (2006). Reliability and validity of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT): A clinical test of social perception. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(24), 1529–1542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMurtray, A. M., Chen, A. K., Shapira, J. S., Chow, T. W., Mishkin, F., Miller, B. L., et al. (2006). Variations in regional SPECT hypoperfusion and clinical features in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 66(4), 517–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez, M. F., McMurtray, A. M., Chen, A. K., Shapira, J. S., Mishkin, F., & Miller, B. L. (2006). Functional neuroimaging and presenting psychiatric features in frontotemporal dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 77(1), 4–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez, M. F., & Shapira, J. S. (2011). Loss of emotional insight in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia or “frontal anosodiaphoria”. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1690–1696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M., Rogalski, E., Wieneke, C., Cobia, D., Rademaker, A., Thompson, C., et al. (2009). Neurology of anomia in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Brain, 132(9), 2553–2565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M. M., Wicklund, A., Johnson, J. K., Rogalski, E., Leger, G. C., Rademaker, A., et al. (2008). Alzheimer and frontotemporal pathology in subsets of primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 63(6), 709–719.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. L., Hsieh, S., Lah, S., Savage, S., Hodges, J. R., & Piguet, O. (2012). One size does not fit all: Face emotion processing impairments in semantic dementia, behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are mediated by distinct cognitive deficits. Behavioural Neurology, 25(1), 53–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. K. (1912). The cerebral mechanisms of emotional expression. Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 34, 381–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moll, J., Zahn, R., de Oliviera-Souza, R., Bramati, I. E., Krueger, H. F., Tura, B., et al. (2011). Impairments of prosocial sentiments is associated with frontopolar and septal damage in frontotemporal dementia. Neuroimage, 54(2), 1735–1742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montagne, B., Kessels, R., Frigerlo, E., de Haan, E., & Perrett, D. (2006). Sex differences in the perception of affective facial expressions: Do men really lack emotional sensitivity? Cognitive Processing, 6(2), 136–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., et al. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature, 383(6603), 812–815.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, F. C., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Lawrence, A. D. (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Neuroscience, 3(3), 207–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., et al. (1998). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology, 51(6), 1546–1554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nestor, P. J. (2007). Neuroimaging and other investigative findings. In J. R. Hodges (Ed.), Frontotemporal dementia syndromes (pp. 134–160). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nestor, P. J., Graham, N. L., Fryer, T. D., Williams, G. B., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (2003). Progressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with hypometabolism centred on the left anterior insula. Brain, 126(11), 2406–2418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, M., Rademakers, R., Roeber, S., Baker, M., Kretzschmar, H. A., & Mackenzie, I. R. (2009). A new subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with FUS pathology. Brain, 132(11), 2922–2931.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Doherty, J., Winston, J., Critchley, H., Perrett, D., Burt, D. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Beauty in a smile: the role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness. Neuropsychologia, 41(2), 147–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O'Keeffe, F. M., Murray, B., Coen, R. F., Dockree, P. M., Bellgrove, M. A., Garavan, H., et al. (2007). Loss of insight in frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain, 130(3), 753–764.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogar, J. M., Dronkers, N. F., Brambati, S. M., Miller, B. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2007). Progressive nonfluent aphasia and its characteristic motor speech deficits. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 21(4), S23–S30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omar, R., Hailstone, J. C., Warren, J. E., Crutch, S. J., & Warren, J. D. (2010a). The cognitive organisation of music knowledge: A clinical analysis. Brain, 133(4), 1200–1213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omar, R., Henley, S., Bartlett, J. W., Hailstone, J. C., Gordon, E., Sauter, D. A., et al. (2011). The structural neuroanatomy of music emotion recognition: Evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuroimage, 56(3), 1814–1821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omar, R., Rohrer, J. D., Hailstone, J. C., & Warren, J. (2010b). Structural neuroanatomy of face processing in frontotemporal dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 82(12), 1341–1343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papez, J. W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 38(4), 725–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peretz, I., & Coltheart, M. (2003). Modularity of music processing. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 688–691.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. J. (2005). Brain organisation for music processing. Annual Reviews Psychology, 56(1), 89–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. J., Graham, A. J., Williams, G. B., Rosen, H., Erzinçlioglu, S., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2006). Patterns of frontal lobe atrophy in frontotemporal dementia: A volumetric MRI study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 22(4), 278–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. J., Rosen, H. J., Kramer, J. H., Beer, J. S., Levenson, R. L., & Miller, B. L. (2001). Hemispheric dominance for emotions, empathy and social behaviour: Evidence from right and left handers with frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase: The Neural Basis of Cognition, 7(2), 145–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship beweeen emotion and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(2), 148–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pessoa, L. (2010). Emotion and cognition and the amygdala: From “what is it?” to “what’s to be done?”. Neuropsychologia, 48(12), 3416–3429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pessoa, L., & Adolphs, R. (2010). Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a ‘low road’ to ‘many roads’ of evaluating biological significance. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(11), 773–782.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A. S., Rémi, J., Vollmar, C., Gonzalez-Voctores, J. A., Cunha, J. P., & Noachtar, S. (2011). Dysprosody during epileptic seizures lateralizes to the nondominant hemisphere. Neurology, 77(15), 1482–1486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16(2), 331–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2004). Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions. Neuroimage, 9(4), 258–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M. L., Young, A. W., Scott, S. K., Calder, A. J., Andrew, C., Giampietro, V., et al. (1998). Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1408), 1809–1817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M. L., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brammer, M., Andrew, C., Calder, A. J., et al. (1997). A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature, 389(6650), 495–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear condiitoning. Behavioural Neuroscience, 106(2), 274–285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piguet, O., Hornberger, M., Mioshi, E., & Hodges, J. R. (2011a). Behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: Diagnosis, clinical staging, and management. Lancet Neurology, 10(2), 162–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piguet, O., Hornberger, M., Shelley, B. P., Kipps, C. M., & Hodges, J. R. (2009). Sensitivity of current criteria for the diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 72(8), 732–737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piguet, O., Petersén, Å., Lam, B., Gabery, S., Murphy, K., Hodges, J. R., et al. (2011b). Eating disturbances and hypothalamus degeneration in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. Annals of Neurology, 69(2), 312–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rankin, K. P., Salazar, A., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Sollberger, M., Wilson, S. M., Pavlic, D., et al. (2009). Detecting sarcasm from paralinguistic cues: Anatomic and cognitive correlates in neurodegenerative disease. Neuroimage, 47(4), 2005–2015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Kipps, C. M., Johnson, J. K., Seeley, W. W., Mendez, M., et al. (2007). Diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: Current limitations and future directions. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 21(4), S14–S18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Knopman, D. S., Mendez, M. F., Kramer, J. H., Neuhaus, J. M., et al. (2011). Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 134(9), 2456–2477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ratnavalli, E., Brayne, C., Dawson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (2002). The prevalence of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 58(11), 1615–1621.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiman, E. M., Lane, R. D., Ahern, G. L., Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., Frsiton, K. J., et al. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(7), 918–925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrer, J. D., Rossor, M. N., & Warren, J. (2012a). Alzheimer’s pathology in primary progressive aphasia. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(4), 744–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohrer, J. D., Sauter, D. A., Scott, S. K., Rossor, M. N., & Warren, J. D. (2012b). Receptive prosody in nonfluent primary progressive aphasias. Cortex, 48(3), 308–316.

  • Rosen, H. J., Allison, S. C., Schauer, G. F., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Weiner, M. W., & Miller, B. L. (2005). Neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural disorders in dementia. Brain, 132(11), 1287–1298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H. J., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Goldman, W. P., Perry, R. J., Schuff, N., Weiner, M., et al. (2002a). Patterns of brain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Neurology, 58(2), 198–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H. J., Pace-Savitsky, K., Perry, R. J., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L., & Levenson, R. L. (2004). Recognition of emotion in the frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 17(4), 277–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H. J., Perry, R. J., Murphy, J., Kramer, J. H., Mychack, P., Schuff, N., et al. (2002b). Emotion comprehension in the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 125(10), 2286–2295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, H. J., Wilson, M. R., Schauer, G. F., Allison, S., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Pace-Savitsky, C., et al. (2006). Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired recognition of emotion in dementia. Neuropsychologia, 44(3), 365–373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, E. D., Thompson, R. D., & Yenkosky, J. (1997). Lateralisation of affective prosody in brain and the callosal integration of hemispheric language functions. Brain and Language, 56(1), 27–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatinelli, D., Fortune, E. E., Li, Q., Siddiqui, A., Krafft, C., Oliver, W. T., et al. (2011). Emotional perception: Meta-analyses of face and natural scene processing. Neuroimage, 54(3), 2524–2533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sander, D., Grandjean, D., Pourtois, G., Schwartz, S., Seghier, M., Scherer, K. R., et al. (2005). Emotion and attention interactions in social cognition: Brain regions involved in processing anger prosody. Neuroimage, 28(4), 848–858.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauter, D. A. (2006). An investigation into vocal expressions of emotions: The roles of valence, cultures and acoustic factors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University College London - London

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, U., Hennenlotter, A., Erhard, P., Haslinger, B., Stahl, R., Lange, K. W., et al. (2004). Functional neuroanatomy of perceiving surprised faces. Human Brain Mapping, 23(4), 181–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., & Maer, F. (1975). Right hemisphere lateralization for emotion in the human brain: Interactions with cognition. Science, 190(4211), 286–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. K., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., Hellawell, D. J., Aggleton, J. P., & Johnson, M. K. (1997). Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala lesions. Nature, 385(6613), 254–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeley, W. W. (2008). Selective functional, regional, and neuronal vulnerability in frontotemporal dementia. Current Opinion in Neurology, 21(6), 701–707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seeley, W. W. (2010). Anterior insula degeneration in frontotemporal dementia. Brain Structure & Function, 214(5–6), 465–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seeley, W. W., Crawford, R., Rascovsky, K., Kramer, J. H., Weiner, M., Miller, B. L., et al. (2008). Frontal paralimbic network atrophy in very mild behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Archives of Neurology, 65(2), 249–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snowden, J. S., Austin, N. A., Sembi, S., Thompson, J. C., Craufurd, D., & Neary, D. (2008). Emotion recognition in Huntington’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia, 46(11), 2638–2649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snowden, J. S., Bathgate, D., Varma, A., Blackshaw, A., Gibbons, Z. C., & Neary, D. (2001). Distinct behavioural profiles in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 70(3), 323–332.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., Karnat, A., Lange, H., Hömberg, V., et al. (1996). Loss of disgust: Perception of faces and emotions in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 119(5), 1647–1665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterzer, P., Stadler, C., Poustka, F., & Kleinschmidt, A. (2007). A structural neural deficit in adolescents with conduct disorder and its association with lack of empathy. Neuroimage, 37(1), 335–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturm, V. E., Ascher, E. A., Miller, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (2008). Diminished self-conscious emotional responding in frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients. Emotion, 8(6), 861–869.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturm, V. E., McCarthy, M. E., Yun, I., Madan, A., Yuan, J. W., Holley, S. R., et al. (2011). Mutual gaze in Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal and semantic dementia couples. Social Cognition and Affective Neuroscience, 6(3), 359–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturm, V. E., Rosen, H. J., Allison, S., Miller, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (2006). Self-conscious emotion deficits in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain, 129(9), 2508–2516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, K. H., Roberts, N. A., Rosen, H. J., Dean, D. L., Kramer, J. H., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2007). Emotional reactivity and emotion recognition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology, 69(2), 148–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, P. J. (1998). Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(6), 177–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitwell, J. L., Avula, R., Senjem, M. L., Kantarci, K., Weigand, S. D., Samikoglu, A., et al. (2010). Gray and white matter water diffusion in the syndromic variants of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 74(16), 1279–1287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitwell, J. L., Przybelski, S. A., Weigand, S. D., Ivnik, R. J., Vemuri, P., Gunter, J. L., et al. (2009). Distinct anatomical subtypes of the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: A cluster analysis study. Brain, 132(11), 2932–2946.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitwell, J. L., Sampson, E. L., Watt, H. C., Harvey, R. J., Rossor, M. N., & Fox, N. A. (2005). A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of the amygdala in frontotemporal dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 20(4), 238–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P., He, G., Shapira, N. A., Goodman, W. K., & Liu, Y. (2004). Disgust and the insula: fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination. Neuroreport, 15(15), 2347–2351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. W., Perrett, D. I., Calder, A. J., Sprengelmeyer, R., & Ekman, P. (2002). Facial Expressions of Emotion - Stimuli and Tests (FEEST). Bury St Edmunds, England: Thames Valley Test Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Calder, A. J., Etcoff, N. L., Seth, A., & Perrett, D. (1997). Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition. Cognition, 63(3), 271–313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamboni, G., Huey, E. D., Krueger, F., Nichelli, P. F., & Grafman, J. (2008). Apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 71, 736–742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zito, A., Bechara, A., Greenwood, C., & Van Der Kooy, D. (1988). The dopamine innervation of the visceral cortex mediates the aversion effects of opiates. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour, 30(3), 693–699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

FK is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award (APA). OP is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Career Development Fellowship (APP1022684).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia

    Fiona Kumfor & Olivier Piguet

  2. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Fiona Kumfor & Olivier Piguet

  3. ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Olivier Piguet

Authors
  1. Fiona Kumfor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Olivier Piguet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olivier Piguet.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kumfor, F., Piguet, O. Disturbance of Emotion Processing in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Synthesis of Cognitive and Neuroimaging Findings. Neuropsychol Rev 22, 280–297 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-012-9201-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-012-9201-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation