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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review

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Abstract

This report contains nine unconventional energy resource commodity summaries and an analysis of energy economics prepared by committees of the Energy Minerals Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Unconventional energy resources, as used in this report, are those energy resources that do not occur in discrete oil or gas reservoirs held in structural or stratigraphic traps in sedimentary basins. These resources include coal, coalbed methane, gas hydrates, tight-gas sands, gas shale and shale oil, geothermal resources, oil sands, oil shale, and U and Th resources and associated rare earth elements of industrial interest. Current U.S. and global research and development activities are summarized for each unconventional energy commodity in the topical sections of this report.

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Notes

  1. U.S. Geological Survey, 956 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA.

  2. Jackson School of Geosciences, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-8924, USA; Chair, EMD Coal Committee.

  3. Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Chair, EMD Coalbed Methane Committee.

  4. Hydrate Energy International, Kenner, LA 70065, USA; Chair, EMD Gas Hydrates Committee.

  5. Alberta Energy Regulator (former Energy Resources Conservation Board), Calgary, AB T2P 0R4, Canada; Chair, EMD Gas (Tight) Sands Committee.

  6. Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3, Canada.

  7. The term “shale” is herein also referred to as a mudrock. Mudrock is defined as a rock in which a majority of detrital grains in it are less than 62.5 micrometers in diameter.

  8. Erdlac Energy Consulting, Midland, TX 79703, USA; Chair, EMD Geothermal Energy Committee.

  9. GeoX Consulting, Salt Lake City, UT 84105; Chair, EMD Oil Sands Committee.

  10. Alberta Energy Regulator (former Energy Resources Conservation Board), Calgary, AB T2P 0R4, Canada.

  11. Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, CO 80401, USA; Chair, EMD Oil Shale Committee.

  12. I2M Associates, LLC, Houston, TX 77019, USA; Chair, EMD Uranium (and Nuclear and Rare Earth Minerals) Committee.

  13. Consultant on energy research management and analysis, 2265 Bowdoin Street, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA; Chair, EMD Energy Economics and Technology Committee.

  14. This deal was characterized as “the largest leveraged buyout in history.” A natural gas price of $6.15/million Btu was cited as the break even threshold. (New York Times, Feb. 28, 2012. Peter Latman: “A Record Buyout Turns Sour for Investors”). Composed of Luminant, Oncor and TXU Energy, in February, 2012 the company reported a 2011 loss of $1.9 billion. Losses since 2007 have climbed to $18 billion (Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2013. Mike Spector: “Former TXU Seeks to Erase Debt”). Its bankruptcy “would rank among the 10 largest in the U.S.”. (Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2013. Tom Fowler and Cassandra Sweet: “At Texas Electric Firm, Users May Hold Key”). The outstanding debt of $32 billion is comparable to the value of all U.S. gas shale production over a year (10 Tcf (0.28 trillion m3), $3.50/thousand cf, $35 billion).

  15. This translation assumes gas-fired generation is 30% more efficient that coal-fired generation (Btu/kWh) and that the representative coal heat content is 12,500 Btu/lb.

  16. The Brattle natural gas price trajectory reaches ~ $4.00/mmbtu in 2015, increasing to ~ $5.25 in 2020.

  17. Regulatory drivers listed are: Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, Maximum Available Control Technology standards, the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (a reference to pollution “transport” regulations—due to court ruling EPA’s Clean Air Interstate rule, CSAPR’s predecessor, remains in effect), Coal Ash regulations and New Source Performance Standards.

  18. The state of Washington’s Department of Ecology is a useful resource for tracking the permitting process. MBTL is entering a scoping process in 2013 to determine what to include in the coming Environmental Impact Statement. PGT has completed this phase and started to draft a preliminary EIS.

  19. Early trading occurred in rice (Japan). The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) was established in 1848 and introduced “forward” contracts in 1851. The first non-agricultural product, silver futures, did not trade on the CBOT until 1969 (CME Group timeline, http://www.cmegroup.com/company/history/timeline-of-achievements.html).

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American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals Division. Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review. Nat Resour Res 23, 19–98 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-013-9224-6

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