Abstract
Scallop shells, which are a waste product in the seafood industry, are disposed more than 200,000 ton per year in Hokkaido, Japan. We report effective uses and simple application for discarded shells as a formaldehyde adsorbent. The adsorption performance of scallop shells to remove formaldehyde vapor is investigated. Planetary ball milling under dry conditions and subsequent water addition realize shells with a crystallite size (35–90 nm) and equivalent size of the specific surface area (41–191 nm) in the nanometer range. The comminution properties of the scallop shells, especially the grinding limit, are estimated via a semi-theoretical consideration for the grinding limit. Additionally, the adsorbed amount of gaseous formaldehyde using a self-designed adsorption line is estimated. The nanosized scallop shells exhibit an excellent adsorption performance rather than the feed shell, and the adsorbed amount is positively correlated with the specific surface area of the shell. Hence, scallop shells have potential to adsorb volatile organic compounds.
References
Abdallah EAM, Gagnon GA (2009) Arsenic removal from groundwater through iron oxyhydroxide coated waste products. Can J Civil Eng 36:881–888
Balaz P (2008) Mechanochemistry in nanoscience and minerals engineering. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Brecevic L, Nielsen AE (1989) Solubility of amorphous calcium carbonate. J Cryst Growth 98:504–510
Carter EM, Katz LE, Speitel GE Jr, Ramirez D (2011) Gas-phase formaldehyde adsorption isotherm studies on activated carbon: correlations of adsorption capacity to surface functional group density. Environ Sci Technol 45:6498–6503
Fukumori Y, Tamura H, Jono K, Miyamoto M, Tokumitsu H, Ichikawa H, Block L (1998) Dry grinding of chitosan powder by a planetary ball mill. Adv Powder Technol 9:281–292
Ghimire KN, Kai H, Inoue K, Ohto K, Kawakita H, Harada H, Morita M (2008) Heavy metal removal from contaminated scallop waste for feed and fertilizer application. Bioresour Technol 99:2436–2441
Gratuito MKB, Panyathanmaporn T, Chumnanklang RA, Sirinuntawittaya N, Dutta A (2008) Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: optimization using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 99:4887–4895
Jeong MS, Park JS, Song SH, Jang SB (2007) Characterization and antibacterial nanoparticles from the scallop, Ptinopecten yessoensis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71:2242–2247
JIS A 1460 (2001) Building boards. Determination of formaldehyde emission—desiccator method, Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo
Kano J, Mio H, Saito F, Miyazaki M (2001) Correlation of grinding rate of gibbsite with impact energy in tumbling mill with mono-size balls. Miner Eng 14:1213–1223
Kawai T, Ohtsuki C, Kamitakahara M, Miyazaki T, Sakaguchi Y, Konagaya S (2006) Removal of formaldehyde by hydroxyapatite layer biomimetically deposited on polyamide film. Environ Sci Technol 40:4281–4285
Kim H, Li T, Lu UG, Sadakata M (2002) Binding and desulfurization characteristics of pulp black liquor in biocoalbriquettes. Environ Sci Technol 36:1607–1612
Knieke C, Sommer M, Peukert W (2009) Identifying the apparent and true grinding limit. Powder Technol 195:25–30
Kotake N, Kuboki M, Kiya S, Kanda Y (2011) Influence of dry and wet grinding conditions on fineness and shape of particle size distribution of product in a ball mill. Adv Powder Technol 22:86–92
Kuga Y, Shirahige M, Ohira Y, Ando K (2002) Production of finely ground natural graphite particles with high electrical conductivity by controlling the grinding atmosphere. Carbon 40:695–701
Kuga Y, Shirahige M, Fujimoto T, Ohira Y, Ueda A (2004) Production of natural graphite particles with high electrical conductivity by grinding in alcoholic vapors. Carbon 42:293–300
Lee KJ, Shiratori N, Lee GH, Miyawaki J, Mochida I, Yoon SH, Jang J (2010) Activated carbon nanofiber produced from electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber as a highly efficient formaldehyde adsorbent. Carbon 48:4248–4255
Li Q, Sritharathikhun P, Motomizu S (2007) Development of novel reagent for Hantzsch reaction for the determination of formaldehyde by spectrophotometry and fluorometry. Anal Sci 23:413–417
Liu YC, Hasegawa Y (2006) Reducing effect of feeding powdered scallop shell on the body fat mass of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:86–92
Liu YC, Uchiyama K, Natsui N, Hasegawa Y (2002) In vitro activities of the components from scallop shells. Fish Sci 68:1330–1336
Plummer LN, Busenberg E (1982) The solubilities of calcite, aragonite and vaterite in CO2–H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C, and an evaluation of the aqueous model for the system CaCO3–CO2–H2O. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:1011–1040
Rong HQ, Ryu ZY, Zheng JT, Zhang YL (2003) Influence of heat treatment of rayon-based activated carbon fibers on the adsorption of formaldehyde. J Colloid Interface Sci 261:207–212
Srisuda S, Virote B (2008) Adsorption of formaldehyde vapor by amine-functionalized mesoporous silica materials. J Environ Sci 20:379–384
Sugiyama M (2004) The compressive strength of concrete containing tile chips, crushed scallop shells, or crushed roofing tiles. Proc of the International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling: Construction Demolition Waste: 165–172
Takada T, Furusaki A, Tanaka Y (2009) Formaldehyde reduction with scallop shell powders fired at high temperatures: identification of the effective ingredient. Bio-Med Mater Eng 19:187–192
Tanaka T (1954) A new concept applying a final fineness value to grinding mechanism-grinding tests with frictional and impulsive force (in japanese). Kagaku Kogaku 18:160–171
Tsai WT, Yang JM, Hsu HC, Lin CM, Lin KY, Chiu CH (2008) Development and characterization of mesoporosity in eggshell ground by planetary ball milling. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 111:379–386
Wen Q, Li C, Cai Z, Zhang W, Gao H, Chen L, Zeng G, Shu X, Zhao Y (2011) Study on activated carbon derived from sewage sludge for adsorption of gaseous formaldehyde. Bioresour Technol 102:942–947
Yeom SH, Jung K-Y (2009) Recycling wasted scallop shell as an adsorbent for the removal of phosphate. J Ind Eng Chem 15:40–44
Yorgun S, Vural N, Demiral H (2009) Preparation of high-surface area activated carbons from Paulownia wood by ZnCl2 activation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 122:189–194
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (No. 22560812) and a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (No. 24710074) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The authors would like to thank Takahiro Oiso and Hikaru Kobayashi for their technical assistance in the laboratory. The authors acknowledge Dr. Yasushi Hirabayashi of Hokkaido Research Organization, Forest Products Research Institute for his technical comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yamanaka, S., Suzuma, A., Fujimoto, T. et al. Production of scallop shell nanoparticles by mechanical grinding as a formaldehyde adsorbent. J Nanopart Res 15, 1573 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1573-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1573-x