Abstract
The Web is rapidly becoming the prime medium for human socialization. The resources that enable that process (social web sites, blogs, media objects, etc.) present growing complexity and, collectively, weave an ever more intricate web of relationships. Current technology for declaring those relationships is predominantly implicit, ambiguous and semantically poor. As a consequence, their automatic assessment is complex and error prone, preventing the satisfaction of users’ needs such as effective semantic searches. To address these limitations, whilst enabling the explicit declaration of semantically unambiguous relationships between digital resources, a solution employing structured semantic descriptors and ontologies was conceived, based on MPEG-21. This paper explains the functioning of the devised mechanism, and goes beyond that, into the definition of two novel employment venues for it, at the service of two real-world usage scenarios. These demonstrate the mechanism’s added value as a powerful alternative for the semantically aware interconnection of web resources, and highlight the increased QoE that said mechanism enables.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aitenbichler E, Behring A, Bradler D, Hartmann M, Mühlhäuser M, Ries S, Schnelle-Walka D, Schreiber D, Steimle J, Strufe T (2010) Shaping the future internet. Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal, vol. Special Issue of IOPTS, www.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de
Aleman-Meza B, Arpinar IB, Nural MV, and Sheth AP (2010) Ranking Documents Semantically Using Ontological Relationships. In Proceedings of the 2010 I.E. Fourth International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC ‘10)
Burnett I, Davis S, Drury G (2005) MPEG-21 digital item declaration and identification – principles and compression. IEEE Trans Multimed 7(3):400–407
Chang C-H, Kayed M, Girgis MR, Shaalan K (2006) A survey of web information extraction systems. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 18(10):1411–1428
Clocksin WF (2003) Artificial intelligence and the future. Phil Trans R Soc London A 2003:361
CONVERGENCE Consortium (2011) CONVERGENCE project home site, http://www.ict-convergence.eu
Gupta M, Li R, Yin Z, Han J (2010) Survey on social tagging techniques. SIGKDD Explor Newsl 12(1):58–72
Kahng M, Lee S, and Lee S (2011) Ranking objects by following paths in entity-relationship graphs. In Proceedings of the 4th workshop on Workshop for Ph.D. students in information & knowledge management (PIKM ‘11)
Khare R (2006) Microformats: the next (small) thing on the semantic web? Internet Comput IEEE 10(1):68–75
Linked-Data Organization HomePage, http://linkeddata.org
Marsh J, Orchard D and Veillard D (2006) XML Inclusions (XInclude) Version 1.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/, W3C
MPEG-21 (2002) ISO/IEC FDIS 21000-3 MPEG-21 - Part 3: Digital Item Identification. ISO
MPEG-21 (2005) ISO/IEC FDIS 21000-2:2005(E) MPEG-21 - Part 2: Digital Item Declaration. ISO
MPEG-21 (2006) ISO/IEC 21000-3:2003/FDAM 1:2006(E) MPEG-21 - Part 3: Digital Item Identification, AMENDMENT 1: Relates identifier types. ISO
MPEG-21 (2011) ISO/IEC 21000-3:2003/PDAM 2, MPEG-21 - Part 3: Digital Item Identification, AMENDMENT 2: Digital item semantic relationships. ISO
Official blog for schema.org. http://blog.schema.org/2011/10/w3c-web-schemas-group-is-our-new-public.html
Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange Home: http://www.openarchives.org/ore
Page L, Brin S, Motwani R, Winograd T (1998) The pagerank citation ranking: bringing order to the web. In Stanford InfoLab
Paulheim H, Probst F (2010) Ontology-enhanced user interfaces: a survey. Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst 6:36–59
RDFa Use Cases: Scenarios for embedding RDF in HTML. http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-scenarios
Shadbolt N, Berners-Lee T, Hall W (2006) The semantic web revisited. IEEE Intell Syst 21(3):96–101
W3C’s HTML Working Group (1997) W3C HTML 4.01 Specification, Section 12–Links, http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html
Zahariadis T, Daras P, Bouwen J, Niebert N, Griffin D, Alvarez F, Camarillo G (2010) Towards a content-centric internet. In: Tselentis G et al (eds) Towards the future internet - a European research perspective. IOS Press, Netherlands
Acknowledgments
The work here described was accomplished within the framework of the CONVERGENCE project [6]. The authors would like to thank all the CONVERGENCE partners for the fruitful collaboration, in particular those who have contributed to the development of the CONVERGENCE use cases. CEDEO and CNIT’s work for this paper was also carried out within the framework of the FP7/NICT EU-JAPAN GreenICN (www.greenicn.org) project.
The work presented in this paper was partially supported by: Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology within project FCT/UTA-Est/MAI/0010/2009; the North Portugal Regional Operational Program (ON.2 – O Novo Norte), under the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), through the European Regional, Development Fund (ERDF).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Castro, H., Andrade, M.T., Almeida, F. et al. Semantically connected web resources with MPEG-21. Multimed Tools Appl 74, 439–462 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-1918-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-1918-1