Abstract
In this review the major shortfalls of the unit of sale for the Mo-99 supply chain—the 6-day Curie—are identified and discussed. These include its status as an inconsistent, out-dated, non-SI unit, and its use causing propagation of inefficient logistics within the Mo-99 supply chain. An alternative Mo-99 unit of sale is proposed: Becquerels time-stamped at the Port of Despatch. Adoption of the new unit is proposed as a catalyst in the move away from the current economically unsustainable, Mo-99 supply chain in favour of simplicity, self-regulation, transparency, efficiency, and full-cost recovery in line with High-Level Group for the Security of Supply of Medical Radioisotopes recommendations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ponsard B (2010) The 99Mo/99 mTc generator shortage. Meeting on the security of supply of medical radioisotopes in EU member states, SCK CEN, Luxembourg
Turner I (2010) The global Mo-99 crisis: Australia’s unique leadership role. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney
OECD (2010) High-level group on the security of supply of medical radioisotopes. Interim report of the OECD/NEA high-level group on security of supply of medical radioisotopes. S.L.
Nuclear Energy Agency (2010) The supply of medical radioisotopes—an economic study of the Molybdenum-99 supply chain. S.L.: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). ISBN 978-92-64-99149-1
Kaminski JM (2009) Tc-99 m shortage. S.L.: SNM 2009 Annual Meeting
Nuclear Energy Agency (2013) The supply of medical radioisotopes—implementation of the HLG-MR policy approach: results from a self-assessment by the global 99Mo/99 mTc supply chain. S.L.: Organisation for Economic and Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
Organisation of Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) (2012) A supply and demand update of the Molybdenum-99 market. S.L.
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) (2012) Market impacts of converting to low-enriched uranium targets for medical isotope production. S.L. : OECD/NEA Publishing. 978-92-64-99197-2
Ball G, Knoesen O, Kocher A (2011) Status update on conversion to LEU-based Mo-99 production in South Africa. RERTR 2011—33rd international meeting on Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors, RERTR, Santiago, 2011
Nuclear Energy Agency (2013) The supply of medical radioisotopes—progress and future challenges in implementing the HLG-MR policy principles: final report of the second mandate of the HLG-MR (2011–2013). S.L.: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, National Research Council (2009) Medical isotope production without highly enriched uranium. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
University of Michigan (2010) Radionuclide safety data sheets. Occupational safety and environmental health. [Online] http://www.oseh.umich.edu/radiation/tc99m.shtml
Green CH (2012) Technetium-99 m produciton issues in the United Kingdom. J Med Phys 37:66
Charlin, Carlos. The global Mo-99 supply chain. Private interview. Sydney: ANSTO, 3rd December 2013
World Fair Trade Organisation (2013) 10 Principles of fair trade. [Online] http://www.wfto.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=14. 28 Oct 2013
Nuclear Energy Agency (2014) The supply of medical radioisotopes—results from the second self-assessment of the global Mo-99/Tc-99 m supply chain. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Vienna. NEA/SEN/HLGMR(2014)4
The supply of the medical radioisotope Tc-99m/Mo-99—recent shortages call for action in developing a domestic production capability. Parma, Ed. S.L. : Sandia National Laboratories for the American Nuclear Society Trinity Section, 2009
Hansell C (2008) Nuclear medicine’s double hazard—imperiled treatment and the risk of terrorism. 2, S.L.: Nonproliferation review, Routledge, Vol. 15. ISSN 1746-1766
European Union CONSLEG. Counci Directive of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of directive 71/354/EEC. S.L.: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000. 1980L0181-EN
CIA (2014) Appendix G: weights and measures. The world factbook. [Online] https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html. 4 Oct 2014
The world factbook. The world factbook frequently asked questions. Central Intelligence Agency. [Online] CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/faqs.html
Khan N (2013) Use of Tc-99m and dose rates in Australia. Private interview. Nov 2013
Time and Date AS 1995–2013. Time zone converter—time difference calculator. TimeAndDate.Com. [Online] Time and Date AS (2013) http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html
Chaos Software Group (2013) Current local time in UTC/GMT. World Time Server. [Online] http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_UTC.aspx
Acknowledgments
All authors would like to acknowledge the support of and declare affiliation with the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia, currently producing Mo-99 and constructing the ANSTO Nuclear Medicine (ANM) facility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paterson, A., Druce, M. & Killen, E. Six problems with the 6-day Curie and a solution. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 305, 13–22 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4050-4
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4050-4