Abstract
Neighborhood disadvantage in early adolescence may help explain racial and ethnic disparities in obesity during the transition to adulthood; however the processes may work differently for males and females and for minority groups compared to Whites. The present study examines the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and young adult obesity and the extent to which it contributes to racial/ethnic disparities among males and females. Data are from waves I and III of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents administered between 1994 and 2002. The final sample of 5,759 adolescents was 54% female, 63% White, 21% African American, 16% Hispanic, and 14 years of age, on average, at wave I. Using hierarchical logit models and controlling for prior obesity status, findings indicate that, for females, adolescent neighborhood disadvantage partially explains racial/ethnic disparities in young adult obesity. Further, neighborhood disadvantage increases the odds of becoming obese for adolescent females in a curvilinear form, and this relationship significantly varies between Whites and Hispanics. Neighborhood disadvantage does not increase the risk of obesity for males, regardless of race/ethnicity. Implications for obesity prevention are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adair, L. S., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2000). Maturation timing and overweight prevalence in US adolescent girls. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 642–644.
Aneshensel, C. S., Becerra, R. M., Fielder, E. P., & Schuler, R. H. (1990). Onset of fertility-related events during adolescence: A prospective comparison of Mexican American and non-hispanic white females. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 959–963.
Aneshensel, C., & Sucoff, C. A. (1996). The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 293–310.
Bearman, P. S., Jones, J., & Udry, J. R. (1997). The national longitudinal study of adolescent health: Research design.
Berry, B. L. (1991). Long-wave rhythms in economic development and political behavior. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Boardman, J. D., Onge, J. R. S., Rogers, R. G., & Denney, J. T. (2005). Race differentials in obesity: The impact of place. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 229–243.
Brener, N., McManus, T., Galuska, D. A., Lowry, R., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Reliability and validity of self-reported height and weight among high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 281–287.
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G., & Aber, J. L. (1997). Policy implications in studying neighborhoods (Vol. 2). New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
Browning, C. R., Cagney, K. A., & Wen, M. (2003). Explaining variation in health status across space and time: Implications for racial and ethnic disparities in self-rated health. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1221–1235.
Centers for Disease Control, Prevention (CDC)/National Center for Health Statistics (NCSH). (2000). United States growth curves. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Chantala, K. (2006). Guidelines for analyzing add health data. Carolina Population Center: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill.
Crane, J. (1991). The epidemic theory of ghettos and neighborhood effects on dropping out and teenage childbearing. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 1226–1259.
Dietz, W. H. (1998). Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics, 101(Suppl), 518–525.
Duncan, D. G., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. (1994). Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Development, 65, 296–318.
Fortenberry, J. D. (1992). Reliability of adolescents’ reports of height and weight. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13, 114–117.
Foster, H., Hagan, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2004). Age, puberty, and exposure to intimate partner violence in adolescence. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1036, 151–166.
Goodman, E., Slap, G. B., & Huang, B. (2003). The public health impact of socioeconomic status on adolescent depression and obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1844–1850.
Gordon-Larsen, P., Adair, L. S., Nelson, M. C., & Popkin, B. M. (2004). Five-year obesity incidence in the transition period between adolescence and adulthood: The national longitudinal study of adolescent health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 569–575.
Gordon-Larsen, P., Harris, K. M., Ward, D. S., & Popkin, B. M. (2003). Acculturation and overweight-related behaviors among Hispanic immigrants to the US: The national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 2023–2034.
Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M. C., Page, P., & Popkin, B. M. (2006). Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatrics, 117, 417–424.
Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Perrin, J. M., Sobol, A. M., & Dietz, W. H. (1993). Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1008–1012.
Harris, K. M., Gordon-Larsen, P., Chantala, K., & Udry, J. R. (2006). Longitudinal trends in race/ethnic disparities in leading health indicators from adolescence to young adulthood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 74–81.
Harris, K. M., Halpern, C. T., Entzel, P., Tabor, J., Bearman, P. S., & Udry, J. R. (2008). The national longitudinal study of adolescent health: Research design. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design.
Haynie, D. L., Silver, E., & Teasdale, B. (2006). Neighborhood characteristics, peer influence, and adolescent violence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22, 147–169.
Hayward, M. D., Miles, T. P., Crimmins, E. M., & Yang, Y. (2000). The significance of socioeconomic status in explaining the racial gap in chronic health conditions. American Sociological Review, 65, 910–930.
Himes, J. H., & Dietz, W. H. (1994). Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: Recommendations from an expert committee. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59, 307–316.
Hunter, A. (1985). Private, parochial and public social orders: The problem of crime and incivility in urban communities. In G. Suttles & M. Zald (Eds.), The challenge of social control: Citizenship, institution building in modern society (pp. 230–242). Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing.
Kaplowitz, P. B., Slora, E. J., Wasserman, R. C., Pedlow, S. E., & Herman-Giddens, M. E. (2007). Earlier onset of puberty in girls: Relation to increased body mass index and race. Pediatrics, 108, 347–353.
Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2002). Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 624–631.
Kornhauser, R. R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Krivo, L. J., & Peterson, R. D. (2000). The structural context of homicide: Accounting for racial differences in process. American Sociological Review, 65, 547–559.
LaFree, G. (1999). Declining violent crime rates in the 1990s: Predicting crime booms and busts. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 145–168.
Lee, J. M., Appugliese, D., Kaciroti, N., Corwyn, R. F., Bradley, R. H., & Lumeng, J. C. (2007). Weight status in young girls and the onset of puberty. Pediatrics, 119, 624–630.
Massey, D., & Denton, N. A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
May, D. C., & Dunaway, R. G. (2000). Predictors of fear of criminal victimization at school among adolescents. Sociological Spectrum, 20, 149–168.
McNulty, T. L. (2001). Assessing the race-violence relationship at the macro level: The assumption of racial invariance and the problem of restricted distributions. Criminology, 39, 467–490.
Mujahid, M. S., Roux, A. V. D., Borrell, L. N., & Nieto, F. J. (2005). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of BMI with socioeconomic characteristics. Obesity Research, 13, 1412–1421.
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA, 295, 1549–1555.
Parker, K. D. (1988). Black-white differences in perception of fear of crime. The Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 487–498.
Parker, K. D., McMorris, B. J., Smith, E., & Murty, K. S. (1993). Fear of crime and the likelihood of victimization: A bi-ethnic comparison. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 723–732.
Petersen, A. C. (1988). Adolescent development. American Review of Psychology, 39, 583–607.
Pine, D. S., Goldstein, R. B., Wolk, S., & Weissman, M. M. (2001). The association between childhood depression and adult body mass index. Pediatrics, 107, 1049–1056.
Popkin, S. J., Leventhal, T., & Weismann, G. (2010). Girls in the’hood: How safety affects the life chances of low-income girls. Urban Affairs Review, 45, 715–744.
Popkin, B. M., & Udry, J. R. (1998). Adolescent obesity increases significantly in second and third generation US immigrants: The national longitudinal study of adolescent health. The Journal of Nutrition, 128, 701–706.
Powell, L. M., Auld, M. C., Chaloupka, F. J., O’Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. J. (2007a). Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index. American Journal Preventative Medicine, 33, S301–S307.
Powell, L. M., Chaloupka, F. J., Slater, S. J., Johnston, L. D., & O’Malley, P. M. (2007b). The availability of local-area commercial physical activity-related facilities and physical activity among adolescents. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 33, S292–S300.
Power, C., Matthews, S., & Manor, O. (1998). Inequality in self-rated health: Explanations from different stages in life. Lancet, 351, 1009–1014.
Quercia, R. G., & Galster, G. C. (2000). Threshold effects and neighborhood change. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20, 146–162.
Raudenbush, S., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park: Sage.
Robert, S. A., & Reither, E. N. (2004). A multilevel analysis of race, community disadvantage, and body mass index among adults in the US. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 2421–2434.
Ross, C. E. (1993). Fear of victimization and health. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 9, 159–175.
Ross, C., & Wu, C. (1996). Education, age, and the cumulative advantage in health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 104–120.
Ruel, E., Reither, E. N., Robert, S. A., & Lantz, P. M. (2010). Neighborhood effects on BMI trends: Examining BMI trajectories for black and white women. Health and Place, 16, 191–198.
Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774–802.
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924.
Schelling, T. (1971). Dynamic models of segregation. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1, 143–186.
Schelling, T. (1978). Micromotives and macrobehavior. New York: W.W Norton and Co.
Shaw, C., & McKay, H. ([1942] 1969). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Straus, R. S. (1999). Comparison of measured and self-reported weight and height in a cross-sectional sample of young adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 23, 904–908.
Taylor, J., & Turner, P. J. (2002). Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: Racial contrasts. Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 213–325.
Warr, M. (1984). Fear of victimization: why are women and the elderly more afraid? Social Science Quarterly, 65, 681–702.
Warr, M. (1990). Dangerous situations: social context and fear of victimization. Social Forces, 68, 891–907.
Wickrama, K. A. T., Wickrama, K. A. S., & Bryant, C. M. (2006). Community influence on adolescent obesity: Race/ethnic differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 647–657.
Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Vintage Press.
World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee. (1995). Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO technical report series 854. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Table 1.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Kent Schwirian, Kristi Williams, and Dana Haynie for their comments and assistance on this project. This research was supported by an R36 dissertation grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Grant #1 R36 HS016568-01.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nicholson, L.M., Browning, C.R. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obesity During the Transition to Adulthood: The Contingent and Nonlinear Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage. J Youth Adolescence 41, 53–66 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9685-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9685-z