Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Spirituality Moderates Hopelessness, Depression, and Suicidal Behavior among Malaysian Adolescents

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Religion and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Suicide is an important public health problem for adolescents, and it is essential to increase our knowledge concerning the etiology of suicide among adolescent students. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the associations between hopelessness, depression, spirituality, and suicidal behavior, and to examine spirituality as a moderator between hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among 1376 Malaysian adolescent students. The participants completed measures of depression, hopelessness, daily spiritual experience, and suicidal behavior. Structural equation modeling indicated that adolescent students high in hopelessness and depression, but also high in spirituality, had less suicidal behavior than others. These findings reinforce the importance of spirituality as a protective factor against hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among Malaysian adolescent students.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdollahi, A., & Talib, M. A. (2015). Hardiness, spirituality and suicidal ideation among individuals with substance abuse: The moderating role of gender and marital status. Journal of Dual Diagnosis. doi:10.1080/15504263.2014.988558.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 47–49. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, F., binti Muhammad, M., & Abdullah, A. A. (2011). Religion and spirituality in coping with advanced breast cancer: Perspectives from Malaysian Muslim women. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(1), 36–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aishvarya, S., Maniam, T., Sidi, H., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014). Suicide ideation and intent in Malaysia: A review of the literature. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 1), S95–S100. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.01.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, N. H., Zainun, K. A., Bahar, N., Haniff, J., Hamid, A. M., Bujang, M. A. H., & Mahmood, M. S. (2014). Pattern of suicides in 2009: Data from the National Suicide Registry Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 6(2), 217–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Beck, J. S., & Newman, C. F. (1993). Hopelessness, depression, suicidal ideation, and clinical diagnosis of depression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 23(2), 139–145. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1993.tb00378.x.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2(2), 389–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton, P. C., Duberstein, P. R., Conner, K. R., Heisel, M. J., Hirsch, J. K., & Conwell, Y. (2008). Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(9), 736–741. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31817b609a.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmody, J., Reed, G., Kristeller, J., & Merriam, P. (2008). Mindfulness, spirituality, and health-related symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 393–403. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P. C. Y., Lee, L. K., Wong, K. C., & Kaur, J. (2005). Factors relating to adolescent suicidal behavior: A cross-sectional Malaysian school survey. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 37(4), 337. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.10.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y.-Y., Wu, K. C.-C., Yousuf, S., & Yip, P. S. F. (2011). Suicide in Asia: Opportunities and challenges. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 129–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chioqueta, A. P., & Stiles, T. C. (2005). Personality traits and the development of depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1283–1291. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choon, M. W., Abu Talib, M., Yaacob, S. N., Awang, H., Tan, J. P., Hassan, S., & Ismail, Z. (2014). Negative automatic thoughts as a mediator of the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviour in an at-risk sample of Malaysian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. doi:10.1111/camh.12075.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colucci, E., Hons, B., & Martin, G. (2008). Religion and spirituality along the suicidal path. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38(2), 229–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, S., Kudel, I., Roberts, Y. H., Pallerla, H., Tsevat, J., Succop, P., & Yi, M. S. (2009). Spiritual well-being and mental health outcomes in adolescents with or without inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(5), 485–492. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.09.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DSM IV. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55(6), 647. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.647.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foo, X. Y., Alwi, M. N. M., Ismail, S. I. F., Ibrahim, N., & Osman, Z. J. (2014). Religious commitment, attitudes toward suicide, and suicidal behaviors among college students of different ethnic and religious groups in Malaysia. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(3), 731–746. doi:10.1007/s10943-012-9667-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garroutte, E. M., Goldberg, J., Beals, J., Herrell, R., & Manson, S. M. (2003). Spirituality and attempted suicide among American Indians. Social Science and Medicine, 56(7), 1571–1579. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00157-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez, P. M., Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., & Kopper, B. A. (2001). Development and initial validation of the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77(3), 475–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendin, H., Phillips, M. R., Vijayakumar, L., Pirkis, J., Wang, H., Yip, P., … & Fleischmann, A. (2008). Suicide and suicide prevention in Asia. Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 18, 7–18.

  • Hinterkopf, E. (1994). Integrating spiritual experiences in counseling. Counseling and Values, 38(3), 165–175. doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.1994.tb00834.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hovey, J. D., & King, C. A. (2002). The spectrum of suicidal behavior. Handbook of Serious Emotional Disturbance in Children and Adolescents, 23, 284–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jager-Hyman, S., Cunningham, A., Wenzel, A., Mattei, S., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2014). Cognitive distortions and suicide attempts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(4), 369–374. doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9613-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2010). Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(3), 179–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H., King, D., & Carson, V. B. (2012a). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., Zaben, F. Al, & Khalifa, D. A. (2012b). Religion, spirituality and mental health in the West and the Middle East. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 180–182. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konick, L. C. (2008). Evaluation of spirituality as a moderator of risk for suicidal ideation in a community sample of adolescents. ProQuest. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.my/.

  • Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2006). Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Toward better research on stress and coping. American Psychologist, 55(6), 665–673. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.665.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leeson, P., Ciarrochi, J., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2008). Cognitive ability, personality, and academic performance in adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 630–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D. (2006). Suicide and Islam. Archives of Suicide Research, 10(1), 77–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litwinczuk, K. M., & Groh, C. J. (2007). The relationship between spirituality, purpose in life, and well-being in HIV-positive persons. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 18(3), 13–22. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2007.03.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luquis, R. R., Brelsford, G. M., & Rojas-Guyler, L. (2012). Religiosity, spirituality, sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors among college students. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(3), 601–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maniam, T., Marhani, M., Firdaus, M., Kadir, A. B., Mazni, M. J., Azizul, A., et al. (2014). Risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts in Malaysia—Results of an epidemiological survey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(6), S121–S125. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClain-Jacobson, C., Rosenfeld, B., Kosinski, A., Pessin, H., Cimino, J. E., & Breitbart, W. (2004). Belief in an afterlife, spiritual well-being and end-of-life despair in patients with advanced cancer. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26(6), 484–486. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.08.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, P., & Maniam, T. (2001). Ethnicity and suicidal behaviour in Malaysia: A review of the literature. Transcultural Psychiatry, 38(1), 51–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mystakidou, K., Tsilika, E., Parpa, E., Pathiaki, M., Patiraki, E., Galanos, A., & Vlahos, L. (2007). Exploring the relationships between depression, hopelessness, cognitive status, pain, and spirituality in patients with advanced cancer. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 21(3), 150–161. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2007.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001). The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 8(4), 443–454.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polanco-Roman, L., & Miranda, R. (2013). Culturally related stress, hopelessness, and vulnerability to depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in emerging adulthood. Behavior Therapy, 44(10), 75–87. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.07.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasic, D., Robinson, J. A., Bolton, J., Bienvenu, O. J., & Sareen, J. (2011). Longitudinal relationships of religious worship attendance and spirituality with major depression, anxiety disorders, and suicidal ideation and attempts: Findings from the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(6), 848–854. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosmarin, D. H., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Öngur, D., Pargament, K. I., & Björgvinsson, T. (2013). Religious coping among psychotic patients: Relevance to suicidality and treatment outcomes. Psychiatry Research, 210(1), 182–187. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S. (2011). S1O-O1 Spirituality and mental Health. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 4 Supplem(0), S13. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1876-2018(11)60051-8.

  • Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., et al. (1997). The development and validation of the Children’s hope scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(3), 399–421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuncay, T. (2007). Spirituality in coping with HIV/AIDS. HIV and AIDS Review, 6(3), 10–15. doi:10.1016/S1730-1270(10)60073-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, L. G. (2006). Ordinary spiritual experience: Qualitative research, interpretive guidelines, and population distribution for the daily spiritual experience scale. Archive for the Psychology of Religion/Archiv Für Religionspychologie, 28(1), 181–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, L. G., & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 22–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, F. (1991). Spiritual issues in psychotherapy. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 23(2), 105–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weishaar, M. E., & Beck, A. T. (1992). Hopelessness and suicide. International Review of Psychiatry, 4(2), 177–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westgate, C. E. (1996). Spiritual wellness and depression. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75(1), 26–35. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb02311.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2012). Suicide prevention (SUPRE). World Health Organization: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/index.html.

  • Zeyrek, E. Y., Gençöz, F., Bergman, Y., & Lester, D. (2009). Suicidality, problem-solving skills, attachment style, and hopelessness in Turkish students. Death Studies, 33(9), 815–827. doi:10.1080/07481180903142407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abbas Abdollahi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Talib, M.A., Abdollahi, A. Spirituality Moderates Hopelessness, Depression, and Suicidal Behavior among Malaysian Adolescents. J Relig Health 56, 784–795 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0133-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0133-3

Keywords

Navigation