Abstract
Investigating religiosity and spirituality may help to further elucidate how individuals’ worldviews influence their attitudes, behavior, and overall well-being. However, inconsistencies in how these constructs are conceptualized and measured may undercut the potential value of religiosity and spirituality research. Results from a survey of undergraduate students suggest that laypeople define spirituality as independent from social influence and that few people associate religiosity with negative terms. A content analysis of spirituality measures indicates that spirituality measures contain items that do not directly measure the strength of spirituality. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Becker, P. E., & Dhingra, P. H. (2001). Religious involvement and volunteering: Implications for civil society. Sociology of Religion, 62, 315–335.
Bregman, L. (2004). Defining spirituality: Multiple uses and murky meanings of an incredibly popular term. Journal of Pastoral Care and Counseling, 58, 349–355.
Cella, D. F., Tulsky, D. S., Gray, G., Sarafian, B., Linn, E., Bonomi, A., et al. (1993). The functional assessment of cancer therapy scale: Development and validation of the general measure. Journal of Clinical Oncolology, 11, 570–579.
Christo, G., & Franey, C. (1995). Drug users’ spiritual beliefs, locus of control and the disease concept in relation to Narcotics Anonymous attendance and six-month outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 38, 51–56.
Delaney, C. (2003). The Spirituality Scale. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23, 145–167.
Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. (1999). Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on aging working group. Kalamazoo: John E. Fetzer Institute.
Genia, V. (1991). The spiritual experience index: A measure of spiritual maturity. Journal of Religion and Health, 30, 337–347.
Hale, M. A., & Clark, D. A. (2013). When good people have bad thoughts: Religiosity and the emotional regulation of guilt-inducing intrusive thoughts. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 41, 24–35.
Hall, T. W., & Edwards, K. J. (1996). The initial development and factor analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24, 233–246.
Hatch, R. L., Bury, M. A., Naberhaus, D. S., & Hellmich, L. K. (1998). The Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale: Development and testing of a new instrument. The Journal of Family Practice, 46, 476–486.
Hays, J. C., Meador, K. G., Branch, P. S., & George, L. K. (2001). The Spiritual History Scale in four dimensions (SHS-4): Validity and reliability. The Gerontologist, 41, 239–249.
Hodge, D. R. (2003). The Intrinsic Spirituality Scale: A new six-item instrument for assessing the salience of spirituality as a motivational construct. Journal of Social Service Research, 30, 41–61.
Hood, R. W., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B., & Gorsuch, R. (2003). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Howden, J. W. (1992). Development and psychometric characteristics of the Spirituality Assessment Scale. Dissertation Services, 54, 166B.
Hyman, C., & Handal, P. J. (2006). Definitions and evaluation of religion and spirituality items by religious professionals: A pilot study. Journal of Religion and Health, 45, 264–282.
Kase, P. W., Gameroff, M. J., & Weisman, M. M. (2012). Religiosity and resilience in persons at high risk for major depression. Psychological Medicine, 42, 509–519.
Kass, J. D., Friedman, R., Lesserman, J., Zuttermeister, P., & Benson, H. (1991). Health outcomes and a new index of spiritual experiences. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30, 203–211.
King, M., Speck, P., & Thomas, A. (2001). The royal free interview for spiritual and religious beliefs: Development and validation of a self-report version. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1015–1023.
Koenig, H. G. (2008). Concerns about measuring “spirituality” in research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 349–355.
Malty, J., & Day, L. (2003). Religious orientation, religious coping and appraisals of stress: Assessing primary appraisal factors in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1209–1224.
Marler, P. L., & Hadaway, C. K. (2002). “Being religious” or “being spiritual” in America: A zero-sum proposition? Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 289–300.
Marty, M. (1996). You get to teach and study religion. Academe, 82(6), 14–17.
Mascaro, N., Rosen, D. H., & Morey, L. C. (2004). The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the Spiritual Meaning Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 845–860.
Maselko, J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2006). Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health: Results from the US General Social Survey. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 2848–2860.
Maton, K. I. (1989). The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospective investigations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 310–323.
Mattis, J. S., Fontenot, D. L., Hatcher-Kay, C. A., Grayman, N. A., & Beale, R. L. (2004). Religiosity, optimism, and pessimism among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 30, 187–207.
Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being, and quality of life. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley.
Pargament, K. I. (2009). The psychology of religion and spirituality? Yes and no. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 3–16.
Parsian, N., & Dunning, T. (2009). Developing and validating a questionnaire to measure spirituality: Psychometric process. Global Journal of Health Sciences, 1, 2–11.
Piedmont, R. L. (2001). Spiritual transcendence and the scientific study of spirituality. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67, 4–14.
Ryan, K., & Fiorito, B. (2003). Means-ends spirituality questionnaire: Reliability, validity, and relationship to psychological well-being. Review of Religious Research, 45, 130–154.
Schlehofer, M. M., Omoto, A. M., & Adelman, J. R. (2008). How do religion and spirituality differ? Lay definitions among older adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 411–425.
Smith, C., & Denton, M. L. (2005). Soul searching: The religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Tirri, K., Nokelainen, P., & Ubani, M. (2006). Conceptual definition and empirical validation of the Spiritual Sensitivity Scale. Journal of Empirical Theology, 19, 37–62.
Underwood, L., & Teresi, J. (2002). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 22–33.
Wheat, L. W. (1991). Development of a scale for the measurement of human spirituality (Measurement scale). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 3230A.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67, 889–919.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Caitlin Forshier for her contributions to this project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baumsteiger, R., Chenneville, T. Challenges to the Conceptualization and Measurement of Religiosity and Spirituality in Mental Health Research. J Relig Health 54, 2344–2354 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0008-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0008-7