Skip to main content
Log in

“Third places” and social interaction in deprived neighbourhoods in Great Britain

  • Article
  • Published:
Journal of Housing and the Built Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper explores social interaction in local ‘public’ social spaces such as local shops, pubs, cafés, and community centres in deprived neighbourhoods. More specifically, it examines the importance, role and function of these places, which have been described by Oldenberg and Brissett (Qual Sociol 5(4):265–284, 1982), Oldenburg (Urban design reader. Architectural Place, Oxford, 2007) as being “third places” of social interaction after the home (first) and workplace (second). It does so by drawing on data gleaned from in-depth interviews with 180 residents in six deprived areas neighbourhoods across Great Britain, conducted as part of a study of the links between poverty and place funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. The paper notes that local third places are an important medium for social interaction in these areas, although their importance appears to vary by population group. It notes that shops appear to be a particularly important social space. It also identifies some of the barriers to social interaction within third places and concludes by highlighting some of the key implications for policy to emerge from the research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, C., Camina, M., Casey, R., Coward, C., & Wood, M. (2005). Mixed tenure, twenty years on: Nothing out of the ordinary. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin, A. (2002). Ethnicity and the multicultural city: Living with diversity. Environment and Planning A, 34(6), 959–980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ascher, F., & Godard, F. (1999). Vers une Troisième Solidarité. Esprit, 258, 168–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, N., Haworth, A., Manzi, T., Primali, P., & Roberts, M. (2006). Creating and sustaining mixed income communities: A good practice guide. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blokand, T., & Savage, M. (2008). Social capital in and networked urbanism. In T. Blokland & M. Savage (Eds.), Networked urbanism: Social capital in the city (pp. 1–22). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blokland, T., & Noordhoff, F. (2008). The weakness of weak ties: social capital to get ahead among the urban poor in Rotterdam and Amsterdam. In T. Blokland & M. Savage (Eds.), Networked urbanism: Social capital in the city (pp. 105–126). Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blokland, T., & van Eijk, G. (2010). Does living in a poor neighbourhood result in network poverty? A study on local networks, locality-based relationships and neighbourhood settings. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35(10), 313–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bridge, G. (2002). The neighbourhood and social networks. CNR Paper 4.

  • Buonfino, A., & Hilder, P. (2006). Neighbouring in contemporary Britain. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R. (1997). A note on social capital and network content. Social Networks, 19, 355–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, K., & Lee, B. (1992). Sources of personal neighbor networks: Social integration, need or time? Social Forces, 70(4), 1077–1100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carley, M., Kirk, K., & McIntosh, S. (2001). Retailing, Sustainability and neighbourhood regeneration. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2003). Public places—urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design. London: Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheang, M. (2002). Older adults’ frequent visits to a fast-food restaurant: Non-obligatory social interaction and the significance of play in “third place”. Journal of Aging Studies, 1(3), 303–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheshire, P. (2007). Segregated and mixed communities. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • CLG (Communities and Local Government). (2008). Guidance on meaningful interaction: How encouraging positive relationships between people can help build community cohesion. London: CLG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, A. (1985). Utopia on trial: Vision and reality in planned housing. London: Hilary Shipman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, R. (forthcoming). ‘Communities with oomph’? Exploring the potential for stronger social ties to revitalise disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Environment and Planning C.

  • Dekker, K. (2006). Governance as glue: Urban governance and social cohesion in post WWII neighbourhoods in the Netherlands. Utrecht: Faculty of GeoSciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, K., & Filipovic, M. (2004). Effects of physical measures on social cohesion: Case studies in the Netherlands and Slovenia. In R. Rowlands, S. Musterd, & R. van Kempen (Eds.), Mass housing in Europe: Multiple faces of development, change and response (pp. 157–190).

  • Dolphin, T. (2009). The impact of the recession on Northern City-regions. London: IPPR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducheneaut, N., Moore, R., & Nickell, E. (2004). Designing for sociability in massively multyplayer games: An examination of the third places of SWG. Working Paper, Centre for Computer Games Research, Available at: http://barzilouik.free.fr/cnam/DEA_STIC_opt_CONCEPT_APP_MULTIMED_2005/UV_PetitOral/2_MMORPG_PbTech/JMM/ducheneaut_moore_nickell.pdf.

  • Emerson, M., Kimbro, R., & Yancey, G. (2002). Contact theory extended: The effects of prior racial contact on current social ties. Social Science Quarterly, 83(3), 745–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flint, J. (2006). Surveillance and exclusion practices in the governance of access to shopping centres on periphery estates in the UK. Surveillance and Society, 4(1/2), 52–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flint, J. (2012). Neighbourhood sustainability: Residents’ perceptions and perspectives. In J. Flint & M. Raco (Eds.), The future of sustainable cities: Critical reflections (pp. 203–224). Bristol: Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, R., & Kearns, A. (2001). Social cohesion, social capital and the neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2125–2143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs, J., Galster, G., & Musterd, S. (2003). Neighbourhood effects on social opportunities: The European and American research and policy context. Housing Studies, 18(6), 797–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodchild, B. (2008). Homes, cities and neighbourhoods: Planning the residential landscapes of modern Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guest, A., & Wierzbicki, S. (1999). Social ties at the neighborhood level. Urban Affairs Review, 35(1), 92–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. (2012). A dozen pubs close each week. Daily Telegraph Online, April 30, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9236865/A-dozen-pubs-close-each-week.html.

  • Hastings, A., Bramley, G., Bailey, N., & Watkins, D. (2012). Serving deprived communities in recession. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, C., Clark, A., Katz, J., & Peace, S. (2007). Social interactions in urban public places. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, A., & Suttles, G. (1972). The expanding community of limited liability. In G. Suttles (Ed.), The social construction of communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jupp, B. (1999). Living together: Community life on mixed tenure estates. London: Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, K. (2002). Libraries in the USA as traditional and virtual third places. New Library World, 105(1198/99), 125–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G., & Watkinson, J. (2003). Rebalancing communities: Introducing mixed incomes into existing rented housing estates. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, H., Limb, M., & Taylor, M. (2000). The street as thirdspace: Class, gender and public space. In S. Holloway & G. Valentine (Eds.), Children’s geographies: Living, playing, learning and transforming everyday world. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. (2003). Personalisation and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), 387–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C. (1969). The concept and use of social networks. In C. Mitchell (Ed.), Social networks in urban situations. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, C., & Hopkins, P. (2010). Spaces of multiculturalism. Space and Polity, 14(1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasar, J., & Julian, D. (1995). The psychological sense of community in the neighbourhood. American Planning Association, 61(2), 178–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oldenberg, R. (1989). The great good place: Cafés, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons and the other hangouts at the heart of a community. Cambridge, MA: De Capo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldenberg, R. (2007). The character of third places. In M. Carmona & S. Tiesdell (Eds.), Urban design reader. Oxford: Architectural Place.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldenberg, R., & Brissett, D. (1982). The third place. Qualitative Sociology, 5(4), 265–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power, A., & Wilmot, H. (2007). Social capital within the neighbourhood, CASE Report 38. London: London School of Economics.

  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling along: The collapse and revival of American Community. London: Simon and Shuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riger, S., & Lavrakas, P. (1981). Community ties: Patterns of attachment and social interaction in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Community Ties, 9(1), 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. (2011). The spatial routines of daily life in low-income neighbourhoods: Escaping the ‘local trap’. Space and Polity, 12(2), 125–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, M. (2006). Exploring the social supportive role of third places in consumers’ lives. Journal of Service Research, 9(1), 59–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, M., Ward, J., Walker, B., & Ostrom, A. (2007). A cup of coffee with a dash of love: An investigation of commercial social support and third-place attachment. Journal of Service Research, 10(1), 43–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C., & Jang, S. (2000). Neighborhood disorder, fear, and mistrust: The buffering role of social ties with neighbors. American Journal of Commuinty, Psychology, 28(4), 401–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Jankowski, M. (2008). Cracks in the pavement: Social change and resilience in poor neighbourhoods. London: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sennett, R. (1992). The conscience of the eye: The design and social life of cities. London: Faber and Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, E., Lupton, R., & Fenton, A. (2005). A good place for children? Attracting and retaining families in inner urban mixed income communities. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skjaeveland, O., Garling, T., & Maeland, J. (1996). A multidimensional measure of neighboring. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(3), 413–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Small, M., Jacobs, E., & Massengill, R. (2008) Why organizational ties matter for neighborhood effects: A study of resource access through childcare centers. Working Paper, Princeton University.

  • Soukup, C. (2006). Computer-mediated communication as a virtual third place: Building Oldenburg’s great good places on the world wide web. New Media and Society, 8(3), 421–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speak, S., & Graham, S. (2000). Service not included? Social implications of private sector service restructuring in marginalised neighbourhoods. Bristol: The Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinkuehler, C., & Williams, D. (2006). Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as “third places”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(4), article 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Transport, Local Government and the Regions Committee (TLGRC). (2002). Public space: The role of PPG17 in the urban renaissance, third report of session 2001-02. HC 381, section 50. London: The Stationery Office.

  • Tunstall, R. (2009). Communities in recession: The impact on deprived communities. York: JRF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunstall, B., & Fenton, A. (2006). In the mix: A review of mixed income, mixed tenures and mixed communities. York: JRF/Housing Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Kempen, R., & Bolt, G. (2009). Social cohesion, social mix, and urban policies in the Netherlands. Journal of the Housing and the, Built Environment, 24(4), 457–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallop, H. (2012). 48,000 Empty shops blight UK high streets. Daily Telegraph Online, February 7, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9064471/48000-empty-shops-blight-UK-high-streets.html.

  • Young, M., & Willmott, P. (1957). Family and kinship in east London. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Hickman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hickman, P. “Third places” and social interaction in deprived neighbourhoods in Great Britain. J Hous and the Built Environ 28, 221–236 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-012-9306-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-012-9306-5

Keywords

Navigation