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Charles William Lacaillade. Biologist, Parasitologist, Educator, and Mentor

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Abstract

Charles William Lacaillade (1904–1978) was an eminent biologist in the middle decades of the twentieth century. He was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts of parents whose ancestors were French Canadians. His father, also named Charles William Lacaillade, was a dentist who graduated from Tufts University School of Dentistry in 1898. His mother, Elodia Eno, came from a family of very successful businessmen. Lacaillade was the third of six children. His two older brothers, Harold Carleton and Hector Eno, both graduated from the University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, while his younger brother, Lawrence, became a businessman. His sister, Luemma, married Dr. Henry Steadman, a veterinarian, while his youngest sister, Gloria, married a U.S. Army officer, Lieutenant Colonel Victor Anido. Lacaillade received his MS and PhD degrees in biology and zoology from Harvard University. He then became a fellow at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. At both institutions, he studied under some of the most eminent biological scientists of the time. These included Rudolf W. Glaser, George Howard Parker, Theobald Smith, Carl TenBroeck, and William Morton Wheeler. At the Rockefeller Institute, he co-discovered the vector and mode of transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis. This discovery, and the research he conducted with Rudolf W. Glaser, quickly established him as an outstanding biological researcher. However, a change in leadership at the Rockefeller Institute resulted in research priorities being given to the disciplines of general physiology, physical chemistry, and nutrition. This shift in the research agenda away from the biological sciences precluded career advancement at the Rockefeller Institute for post-doctoral fellows like Lacaillade. It was the height of the Great Depression, and even biologists with terminal doctoral degrees found it difficult to find positions. In 1935, Lacaillade accepted a position as an assistant in biology at St. John’s College in Brooklyn, New York. Although a small single-gender college for men, the Department of Biology there under Dr. Andrew I. Dawson had an impressive record of research achievements. Lacaillade remained at this institution for the remainder of his career until his retirement in 1970. He eventually became Distinguished Professor of Biology, Chair of the Department of Biology, and the recipient of numerous awards and recognitions. Lacaillade quickly developed a reputation as an outstanding teacher, mentor, and scientist. He taught introductory courses in biology as well as advanced ones in parasitology and entomology. He preceptored graduate students and guided their dissertation research. Above all else, he was a superb mentor who provided sage advice to pre-professional students planning careers in medicine and dentistry. Lacaillade effortlessly adapted to the transformation of St. John’s College, with an annual enrollment of some 600, to St. John’s University, with an average annual student census of 20,000. He also oversaw the geographic relocation of his department from Brooklyn to the then new campus in Jamaica, New York in 1955. He proved to be a stabilizing presence during the faculty strike of 1966 and its aftermath which included a reorganization of the university. Throughout his life, Lacaillade was admired as a man of letters. His interests spanned art, literature, opera, and the theater. He had a passionate interest in English literature, about which he wrote, and was proud of his collection of first editions of English writers. Charles William Lacaillade was an eminent success as a research biologist early in his career. However, his greater successes came later as an outstanding educator and mentor. As such, he had a positive and lasting influence on the lives and careers of many students and colleagues. He passed away on 17 September 1978 in Danvers, Massachusetts.

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(Courtesy of Heather Steadman)

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(Courtesy of the Thomas J. Dowd Research Center. Archives and Special Collections, University of Connecticut Libraries)

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Acknowledgments

The research for this article was greatly facilitated by documentation present in several institutional archives. In addition, my friendship with Charles William Lacaillade for a quarter of a century gave me insights into his life and career not always accessible to biographers. Through him, I came to know his sisters, Luemma (Lue) and Gloria, and their husbands, Henry (Hank) Steadman and Victor (Vic) Anido. His sisters survived him by 11 years each, passing away in 1989. His brother-in-law, Victor, passed away in 2005 at the age of 87 years, and his brother-in-law, Henry, in 2016 at the age of 94 years. I learned much about Lacaillade from these close contemporary family members over the years following his death. I am very grateful to them for both their friendship and for sharing their memories of “Bill” on many occasions. I am very grateful to Heather Steadman, Lacaillade’s niece, for her valuable assistance. She not only recounted numerous details of her uncle’s life and career, but also provided me with family and other photographs, some of which are reproduced here. In addition, she shared with me a number of documents from Lacaillade’s personal files, which enabled me to fill in important details about his professional activities. Heather Steadman was a steadfast supporter of this project, for which I am very grateful. April Walton, Gloria Lacaillade Anido’s daughter, and Lacaillade’s niece, graciously shared with me many details about her Uncle Bill and his visits with her family, including his presence at her wedding in Panama. Through her accounts, I was able to obtain a fuller picture of his place in the life of his extended family, for which I sincerely thank her. I want to express great appreciation to Gaye Sawyers Campbell for her valuable information about the family of Lacaillade’s brother, Hector Eno LaCaillade, of New Albany, Indiana. She graciously sent me important photographs of them, as well as a photograph of her sister, Virginia Sawyers, and Hector David LaCaillade at the time of their marriage, which is reproduced here. I am also very grateful to her for sending me very valuable documents about William Morgan LaCaillade’s military service. I also wish to thank Margaret J. Harbin, Mrs. Campbell’s sister, for her kind willingness to assist me in my research on the LaCaillade family of New Albany, Indiana. I wish to sincerely thank Barbara Alexander, Librarian of the New Indiana High School, for providing me with the January 1943 yearbook portrait of William Morgan LaCaillade which appears in this article. Alumni with whom I spoke were all very high in their praise of Lacaillade as both a teacher and mentor. Among them were O. Joseph Bizzozero, MD, Matthew J. Hayes, MD, PhD, who remained in contact with Lacaillade after he retired, and Edward G. Fabry, who conducted field research with him which is documented in the film, Snake Hunt. Fabry kindly provided me with a DVD of this 1954 film, and permission to use freeze frames from it for this article. Jonathan Kenworthy, the eminent British sculptor and artist, knew Lacaillade extremely well and greatly admired him as the most charming of men and a cultivated gentleman. I very much appreciate the anecdotes he shared with me about “our Bill,” as Lacaillade’s sister, Luemma, and brother-in-law, Henry Steadman, referred to him. The creation of this biography would not have been possible without the extraordinary assistance of Blythe E. Roveland-Brenton, PhD, University Archivist and Associate Dean of Libraries at St. John’s University. She and Alyse Hennig, Assistant Archivist, provided me with a wealth of archival material without which I would not have been able to reconstruct Lacaillade’s university career. I am deeply grateful to them not only for providing me with items I requested, but for going well beyond my requests in assisting me with my research. I wish to express my gratitude to Carol A. Feltes, University Librarian at the Rockefeller University, for her generous assistance in researching information about Lacaillade when he was a fellow at the Rockefeller Institute. She not only provided me with the information I was seeking, but was also so kind as to provide me with wonderfully scanned copies of all of his scientific publications in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. In addition, Ms. Feltes sent me a copy of George W. Corner’s excellent volume, A History of the Rockefeller Institute. 1901–1953. Origins and Growth, which enabled me to place Lacaillade’s research work in a broader context. Special thanks go to the late Norman R. Stoll, PhD, an eminent helminthologist, who spent much of his career at the Rockefeller Institute. He was able to share with me his memories of Lacaillade when they worked together at the institute in the early 1930s. I want to thank Robin McElheny, Associate University Archivist for Collections and Public Services at the Harvard University Archives, Pusey Library, for researching the photographs of George Howard Parker and William Morton Wheeler, and for granting me permission to use them in this publication. I am also grateful to the Reference Staff at the Harvard University Archives, Pusey Library for providing me with a copy of the acceptance certificate for Lacaillade’s dissertation, for deciphering the signatures on it, and for permission to reproduce it in this article. Jack Eckert, Public Services Librarian, The Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, provided the portrait of Theobald Smith from the Boston Medical Library which is published here and for which I thank him. I am very grateful to Betsy Pittman, University Archivist, Archives and Special Collections, Thomas J. Dodd Research Collection, University of Connecticut, for permission to reproduce photographs from the 1928 edition of the Connecticut Agricultural College yearbook, The Nutmeg. Special thanks to go Lois A. Hahn for preparing the typescript, and Dorine Cooper for her assistance with the research and technical aspects of this publication. I wish to thank Leonard Kahan for his help with some of the photographs.

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  1. Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 43, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA

    Pascal James Imperato

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Correspondence to Pascal James Imperato.

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Imperato, P.J. Charles William Lacaillade. Biologist, Parasitologist, Educator, and Mentor. J Community Health 42, 179–212 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0273-8

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