Abstract
To systematically review the worldwide evidence on the prevalence of domestic violence against women, to evaluate the quality of studies, and to account for variation in prevalence between studies, using consistent definitions and explicit, rigorous methods. Systematic review of prevalence studies on domestic violence against women. Literature searches of 6 databases were undertaken for the period 1995 to 2006. Medline, Embase, Cinahl, ASSIA, ISI, and International Bibliography of the Social Sciences were searched, supplemented by hand searching of the reference lists from studies retrieved and specialized interdisciplinary journals on violence. A total of 134 studies in English on the prevalence of domestic violence against women, including women aged 18 to 65 years, but excluding women with specific disabilities or diseases, containing primary, empirical research data, were included in the systematic review. Studies were scored on eight pre-determined criteria and stratified according to the total quality score. The majority of the sudies were conducted in North America (41%), followed by Europe (20%). 56% of studies were population-based, and 17% were carried out either in primary or community health care settings. There was considerable heterogeneity both between and within geographical locations, health care settings, and study quality The prevalence of lifetime domestic violence varies from 1.9% in Washington, US, to 70% in Hispanic Latinas in Southeast US. Only 12% scored a maximum of 8 on our quality criteria, with 27% studies scored 7, and 17% scored 6. The mean lifetime prevalence of all types of violence was found to be highest in studies conducted in psychiatric and obstetric/gynecology clinics. Results of this review emphasize that violence against women has reached epidemic proportions in many societies. Accurate measurement of the prevalence of domestic violence remains problematic and further culturally sensitive research is required to develop more effective preventive policies and programs.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the advice given by Dr. Kalwant Sidhu, Director of the MSc Programme at King’s College London, Martin Hewitt, who provided advice on literature searching, Dr. Paul Seed, who provided statistical advice, Prof. Gene Feder and Prof. Tony Ades for commenting on the paper before submission for publication and to Jeremy Nagle in the British Library, who helped to track down references.
Contributorship
Samia Alhabib had the original idea for the study which was refined by Roger Jones. Data collection, critical appraisal of studies and general data analysis were undertaken by Samia Alhabib. Meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis were undertaken by Ula Nur. Samia Alhabib and Roger Jones drafted and finalized the manuscript.
Potential Conflict of Interest
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Appendix
Appendix
Summary Table of the include studies:
Study ID | Population | % &Violence type | sampling | Sample size | Response | Case definition | instrument | CI | ↓Bias | Score |
Hakim et al. 2001, population study | Indonesia (Java) | P (LT: 11%, C: 2%), S (LT: 22%, C: 13%), E (LT: 34%, C: 16%) | ? | 765 | 94% | Yes | WHO interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Hynes et al. 2004, population study | East Timor | Current, P; 24.8% (19.9–29.8), E; 30.5% (22.2–38.8), S; 15.7% (8.6–22.8) | Random | 288 | 74% | Yes | WHO interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Haj-Yahia et al. 2000, population study | Palestine | Annual incidence; E; 52%,P; 52%, S; 37.6%, EC; 45% | Random | 2,800, 1,500 | 86.7%, 88.9% | Yes | CTS & ISA, Self-administered | No | No | 6 |
Nikki et al. 2000, community clinic | Latin | Current overall prevalence; 19% | Non-random | 1,001 | ? | Yes | ?AAS, interview | No | No | 4 |
Naved et al. 2006, population study | Bangladesh | LT prevalence P; 39.7% (Urban), 41.7% (Rural), current P; 19% (Urban), 15.8% (Rural), | Random | 2,702 | 96% | Yes | CTS, interview | No | Yes | 7 |
Mousavi et al. 2005, population study | Iran | LT overall; 36.8%, Incidence; 29.3%, P; 27.2%, E; 32.4% | Random | 386 | 87.5% | No | Others, interview | No | Yes | 5 |
Fawole et al. 2005, population study | Nigeria | P; Current 31.3% | Random | 431 | ? | No | Others, self-administered | No | Yes | 4 |
Khawaja and Barazi 2005, population study | Jordan | LT P; 42.5%, C; 17.4% | Random | 262 (women) | 95% | Yes | Others, interview | No | No | 4 |
Seedat et al. 2005, population study | U.S | LT P; 16% | Random | 637 | 71% | No | Others, telephone interview | No | Yes | 5 |
Amar and Gennaro 2005, college students | U.S | P; C; 48% | Non-random | 863 | ? | Yes | AAS, self-reported | No | No | 4 |
Koziol-McLain et al. 2004, ED | New Zealand | P; C; 21.3%, LT; 44.3% | Random | 174 | 60% | Yes | interview | Yes | Yes | 6 |
Fanslow and Robinson 2004, population study | New Zealand | LT P, (Auckland); 15%, 17% (North Waikato) S: 9% in Auckland, 12% in North Waikato. | Random | 2,855 | 66.9% | Yes | WHO interview | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Ramiro et al. 2004, population study | Egypt, India, Philippine, Chile | LT; (P): (Egypt); 11.1%, India= 34.6%, Philippines = 21.2%, Chile= 24.9% | Random | 422 (Chile), 631 (Egypt), L; 506, T; 700, V; 716, 1,000 (Philippines), Brazil=813 | 96.1%(Chile), 93.5%(Egypt), 88%(India), 100%(Philippine) | Yes | Developed by researchers using focus group, interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
C; (P): Chile= 3.6%, Egypt=10.5%, India=25.3%, Philippines= 6.2% | ||||||||||
LT; E; Chile= 50.7%, Egypt= 10.5%, India=24.9%, Philippines=19.3%. | ||||||||||
C; E; Chile=15.2%, Egypt=10.8%, India=16.2%, Philippines=4.8% | ||||||||||
Swahnberg K et al. 2004, Gyn. clinic | Sweden | LT E; 16.8, P; 32.1%, S; 15.9%, | non-random | 2,439 | 81% | Yes | NorAQ | No | Yes | 6 |
Koenig et al. 2004, population study | Uganda | LT coercive sex; 24% | ? | 4,279 | 93% | Yes | Interview, other methods | No | Yes | 5 |
? Swahnberg I M et al. 2003, population study | Sweden, validation study of NorAQ | LT P; 36.4%, S; 16.9%, E; 21.4% | random | 1,168 | 61% | Yes | NorAQ | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Grande et al. 2003, population study | South Australia | LT P; 16%, E; 19% | random | women=2,884 | 73.1% | Yes | Others, telephone survey | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Harwell et al. 2003, population study | American Indian | C P; 5%, E; 18%, LT for both; 12% | random | women=588 | 94% | Yes | Others, telephone survey | No | Yes | 6 |
Murty et al. 2003, population study | Iowa | C P; 2.9%, E; 46.7% | random | 689 | 67.1% | Yes | CTS, interview | No | Yes | 7 |
? Bensley et al. 2003, population study | Washington | C P; 1.9%, E; 5.1% | random | 3,527 | 57% | Yes | BRFSS | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Maziak and Asfar 2003, primary care. | Syria | C P; 23% | random | 411 | 97% | Yes | Others, interview | No | Yes | 6 |
El-Bassel et al. 2003, ED | New York, American Latin | C P, 15%, S; 6%, LT P; 43%, S; 20% | Non-random | 143 | Not reported | No | Others, interview | No | No | 1 |
Llika et al. 2002, primary care center | Nigeria | C overall; 40%, P; 15.8%, E; 20.1% | random | 300 | 100% | Yes | Others, interview | No | No | 5 |
Okemgbo et al. 2002, population study | Nigeria | LT P; 78.7, %, S; 21.3%, Mutilation; 52.7% | Random | 308 | Not reported | Yes | Others, interview | No | No | 4 |
Basile 2002, population study | U.S | LT S; 34% | Random | 602 | 50% | Yes | Others, telephone survey | No | No | 4 |
? Coker et al. 2002, population study | U.S | LT P; 13.3%, S; 4.3%, E; 12.1%. | Random | 6,790 | 72.1% | Yes | CTS, telephone survey | Yes | No | 7 |
Jewkes et al. 2002, population study | South Africa | LT P; 24.6%, Current; 9.5% | Random | 1,306 | 90.3% | Yes | Others, interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
az-Olavarrieta et al. 2002, Hospital study | Mexico | P and/or S; C; 9%, LT; 26.3%. | Non-random | 1,780 | 71.9% | Yes | Self-administered,, AAS | No | No | 5 |
Coker et al. 2002, family practice | South Carolina | LT P; 41.8%, S; 21.4%, E; 12.1%. | ? | 1,152 | 73% | Yes | Interview, ISA- to measure the severity of physical + AAS, web Scale for E, | No | Yes | 6 |
Melnick et al. 2002, surgical trauma clinic | U.S | C P; 18% | Not-reported | 127 | Not-reported | Yes | PVS, self-administered | Yes | Yes | 5 |
Romito and Gerin 2002, ER+Community center | Italy | C P and/or S; 10.2% | Non-random | 510 | 76% | Yes | Others, interview | No | Yes | 5 |
Raj and Silverman 2002, population study | South Asian women in Boston | C P; 26.6%, S; 15%, LTP;30.4%, S; 18.8% | Snowball? | 160 | Not-reported | Yes | CTS, self-administered | No | No | 3 |
Brokaw et al. 2002, ED | New Mexico | LT P; 47.3% | Random | 421 | 67.1% | No | Others, interview | No | Yes | 5 |
Krishnan et al. 2001, ED | U.S | LT P; 72%, S; 20%, E; 92% | Non-random | 87 | 70% | No | Others, interview | No | No | 2 |
Grynbaum et al. 2001, primary care | Israel | C P; 21.7%, Incidence; 10% | Non-random | 133 | 95.7% | No | PVS, self-administered | No | No | 3 |
Barnes et al. 2001, University students | African American | LT P; 15.6%, E; 11.7% | random | 179 | 47% | Yes | ISA, self-administered | No | No | 4 |
Weinbaum et al. 2001, population study | California | C P; 6% | random | 3,408 | 70% | Yes | CTS, telephone survey | Yes | No | 7 |
Parkinson et al. 2001, Paediatric clinic | Massachusetts | C P; 2.5%, LT; 16.5%. | Non-random | 553 | 71.2% | No | Others, self-administered | Yes | No | 4 |
Coid et al. 2001, primary care | London | LT P; 41%, S; 9% | Non-random | 1,207 | 55% | Yes | Others, self-administered | No | No | 3 |
Subramaniam and Sivayogan 2001, community health center | Sri Lanka | LT P; 30%, C; 22% | random | 417 | 55% | Yes | Others, interview | No | Yes | 5 |
Jewkes et al. 2001, population study | South Africa | 1) Eastern Cape ( n = 396): LT P; 26.8%, C P; 10.9%, LT S; 4.5%, C E; 51.4%. | random | 1,306 | 90.3% | Yes | Others, interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
2) Mpumalanga: ( n = 419), LT P; 28.4%, C; 11.9%, LT S; 7.2%, C E; 50%. | ||||||||||
3) Northern Province: ( n = 464); LT P; 19.1%, C; 4.5%, C E; 39.6% | ||||||||||
Plichta and Falik 2001, population study | U.S | LT P; 19.1%, S; 20.4% | ? | 1,821 | ? | Yes | CTS | Yes | No | 5 |
Bauer et al. 2000, primary care | California | 1) C P; 10%, S;3%, E; 10%, | random | 734 | 74% | Yes | AAS, telephone survey | No | No | 6 |
2) LT P; 45%, S; 17%, E; 34% | ||||||||||
Harwell and Spence 2000, population study | Montana | C P; 3% | random | 1,017 | 90% | Yes | Others, telephone interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Coker et al. 2000, population study | south Carolina | LT P; 10.6%, S; 7.8%, E; 7.4% | random | women=314 | 69.4% | Yes | ASS, telephone survey | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Caetano et al. 2000, population study | U.S couples | C P black; 23%, Hispanic; 17%, whites; 12% | random | White=555, Black=358, Hispanic=527 | 85% | Yes | CTS, interview | No | No | 6 |
? CDC 2000, population study. | South Carolina | LT P; 10.6%, E; 7.4%, S; 7.8% | random | 313 women | 69.4% | Yes | AAS, telephone survey | Yes | No | 7 |
? CDC 2000, population study. | Washington | LT P; 23.6% | random | 2,012 women | 61.4% | Yes | CTS, telephone survey | Yes | No | 6 |
Coker et al. 2000, family practice | South Carolina | LT P; 40%, E; 13.6%, C P; 8.9%, E; 7.5% | Non-random | 1,152 | 73% | Yes | Interview, ISA to measure current abuse, WEB to assess battering, AAS to measure life-time abuse | No | Yes | 6 |
Coker et al. 2000, family practice | Columbia | LT P; 32%, S;17.3%, E; 12.5%, C P; 18.9%, S; 14.4%, | ? | 1,401 | 89% | Yes | Interview, ISA; for current S &P, WEBS; for battering, ASS; for life-time | No | No | 5 |
Ernst et al. 2000, ED | U.S | C P; 5%, LT; 38.6% | ? Random | 57 | 78% | Yes | Self-reported, ISA | No | Yes | 5 |
Ellsberg et al. 1999, population study | Nicaragua | LT P; 40%, C; 27% | ? | 488 | 100% | Yes | CTS, Interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Tollestrup et al. 1999, population study | Mexico | C P; 6.7%, E; 13.5 | Random | 2,415 | 75 | Yes | CTS, telephone survey | No | Yes | 7 |
Deyessa et al. 1998, population study | Ethiopia | LT P; 45% (n = 303), C; 10% | Random | 673 | ? | Yes | Others, interview | No | Yes | 5 |
Kershner et al. 1998, community clinic | Minnesota | LT P; 37%, C P; 6.6%, E; 21.1%, S; 2.1%, | Non-random | 1,693 | 82.4% | Yes | Others, self-administered | No | Yes | 5 |
? CDC 1998, population study | Georgia | C P; 6%, LT; 30% | Random | 3,130 | 78% | Yes | Others, telephone survey | Yes | No | 6 |
Pakieser et al. 1998, ED | Texas | LT P; 37%, C; 10%. | Non-random | 4,448 | 40% | Yes | Others, self-administered | No | No | No |
Sachs et al., ED | California | LT P; 14.7%, C; 3.9% | Non-random | 480 women | 66.2% | Yes | Others, self-administered | Yes | No | 5 |
Magdol et al. 1997, population study | New Zealand | C P; 27.1%, E; 83.8% | ||||||||
Schei et al. 2006, population study | Australia | LT P/E/S; 27.5% | Random | 356 | 90% | Yes | CTS, interview | No | No | 6 |
Yuan et al. 2006, population study | Native American | LT P;45%,S; 14% | Random | 793 | 98% | Yes | Others, interview | No | No | 5 |
Avdibegovic et al. 2006, psychiatric clinic | Bosnia and Herzegovina | LT,P; 75.9%, P & S; 43.5%, E; 85.6% | Random | 283 | 89.5% | Not reported | DVI, interview | No | No | 4 |
Kocacik et al. 2006, population study | Turkey | LTE; 53.8%, P 38.3%, S;7.9% | random | 583 | 100% | Not reported | WHO, interview | No | No | 5 |
WHO, Garcia-Moreno et al. 2006, population study | Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa (National), Serbia, Thailand, Tanzania, | Bangladesh: LT (P:39.7%,S:37.4%), C (P19%,S:20.2%) | random | 24,097 | Japan (60.2%), other countries range; 85–97.8% | Yes | Interview, built on CTS | Yes | Yes | 8, in Japan=7 |
2-Brazil: LT (P27.2%,S 10.2%), C (P8.3%,S 2.8%). | ||||||||||
3. Ethiopia: LT (P48.7%, S 58.6%), C (P29%, S 44.4%). | ||||||||||
4. Japan; LT (P12.9%, S 6.2%), C (P3.1%, S 1.3%). | ||||||||||
5. Namibia: LT (P30.6%,S 16.5%),C(P15.9%,S9.1%). | ||||||||||
6. Peru: LT (P48.6%,S 22.5%), C (P16.9%, S 7.1% ). | ||||||||||
7. Samoa: LT (P40.5%, S 19.5%), C (P17.9%, S 11.5%). | ||||||||||
8. Serbia: LT (P22.8%, S 6.3%), C (P3.2%, S 1.1%). | ||||||||||
9. Thailand: LT (P22.9%, S 29.9%), C(P7.9%, S 17.1%). | ||||||||||
10. Tanzania: LT (P32.9%, S 23%), C (P14.8%, S 12.8%). | ||||||||||
Hicks et al. 2006, population study | Chinese American | LT P;13%, C; 3%, | random | 323 | 56% | Yes | CTS, interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Yang et al. 2006, population study | Taiwanese aboriginal tribes | LT prevalence P; 15%, C; 10.1%, S: 4% | random | 876 | 84.7% | No | ASS, interview | Yes | No | 6 |
Thompson et al. 2006, population study | Washington | LT prevalence (P; 44%, S: 30.3%, E: 35.1%) | random | 3,568 | 56.4% | Yes | WEB, telephone survey | No | No | 5 |
Ruiz-Perez et al. 2006, general practice | Spain | LT prevalence; P: 14.3%, E: 30.8%, S: 8.9% | Random | 1,402 | 88.35% | Yes | WHO, self-administrated | No | No | 6 |
Ergin et al. 2005, primary care | Turkey (Bursa) | LT P; 34.1%, E; 15.8%, economic; 8.2%, all-type violence; 29.5% | Not reported | 1,427 | 71% | Yes | AAS, interview | No | Yes | 6 |
McCloskey et al. 2005, population study | Mohsi (Tanzania sub-Saharan Africa) | LT P: 19.7%, S: 3.4%, C: P; 16.2%, S: 1.4%. | Random | 1,444 | 71% | Yes | One item from CTS, and 2 items from AAS, one item from SES, interview | Yes | No | 7 |
Overall prevalence: 26% | ||||||||||
Bengtsson-Tops 2005, psychiatric clinic | Sweden | LT P; 28%, S; 19%, Economic; 16%; E; 46%. | Non-Random | 1,382 | 79% | Yes | Others, interview | No | No | 4 |
C; P; 6%, S;3%, Economic; 6%, E; 22% | ||||||||||
Kyu and Kana 2005, population study | Myanmar (South-East Asia), | C; P; 27%, E; 69% | Random | 286 | 82% | Yes | CTS, self-administered | No | No | 5 |
Burazeri et al. 2005, population study | Albania | C; P; 37% | Random | 1,196 | 87% | No | Others, interview | Yes | No | 5 |
Mayda and Akkus 2004, population study | Turkey | LT P; 41.4%, E; 25.98%, S; 8.6%, E; 77.6% | Non-Random | 116 | 100% | Yes | Others, interview | No | Yes | 4 |
McFarlane et al. 2005, primary care | U.S | C P&S; 8.9% in White, 6% in African American, 5.3% in Hispanic. | Non random | 7,443 | Not reported | Yes | Others? | No | No | 4 |
Romito et al. 2005, family practice | Italy | Overall P, S, E, LT: 27.4%, C: 19.9% | Non random | 444 | 78.6% | Yes | Others, self-administered | No | No | 4 |
Newman et al. 2005, paediatric ED | Chicago | C P & S; 11% | Non random | 461 | Not reported | Not reported | AAS, self-administered | No | No | 3 |
Hegarty and Bush 2002, general practice | Australia | LT, P: 23.3%, E: 33.9%, S; 10.6% | random | 2,338 | 78.5% | Yes | AAS, self-administered | Yes | No | 6 |
Dal Grande et al. 2003, population study | Australia | LT P; 16%, E; 19%. | random | 6,004 | 73.1% | Yes | Others, telephone interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Xu X et al. 2005, gynecology clinic | China (Fuzhou) | Overall LT P, S, E; 43%, C; 26% | random | 685 | 89% | Yes | WHO Q, interview | Yes | No | 7 |
Parish et al. 2004, population study | China | LT P; 34% | random | 1,665 women | 76% | No | Others, interview | No | No | 4 |
John et al. 2004, gynecology clinic | North England | LT P; 21%, C: 4% | Non random | 920 | 90% | Yes | AAS, self-administered | No | No | 5 |
Romito et al. 2004, primary care | Italy | LT P; 14.1%, S; 17.6%, E; 16.4% | Non random | 542 | 8.6% | Yes | Others, Self-administered | Yes | No | 5 |
C: P; 5.2%, S: 5.2%, E: 19% | ||||||||||
Serquina-Ramiro et al. 2004, population study | Manila | LT P; 47.2%, C; 29% | Random | 1,000 | 90% | Yes | WorldSAFE, interview | No | Yes | 7 |
Rivera- Rivera et al. 2004, population study | Mexico | LT P; 35.8% | random | 1,641 | 93.5% | Yes | CTS, interview | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Keeling and Birch 2004, Hospital | Warral, UK | LT ?P: 34.9%, C; 14% | Non random | 294 | 99.3% | No | AAS, self administered | Yes | No | 4 |
Cox et al. 2004, ED | Northern Canada | Overall life-time P & E: 51%, C: 26%, | random | 1,223 | 80% | Yes | Others, interview | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Incidence: 18% | ||||||||||
Kramer et al. 2004, primary care | U.S | LT: P; 49.5%, S; 265, E; 72%. | Non random | 1,268 | 9% in each cell | Yes | AAS, self administered | Yes | No | 6 |
C; P; 11.7%, S; 4.2%, E; 27.9%. | ||||||||||
Sethi et al. 2004, ER | UK | Life-time P.; 34.8%, C; 6.1% | Non random | 228 | 86.8% | Yes | WHO Q, interview | Yes | No | 5 |
Peralta and Fleming 2003, family medicine | Madison, Wisconsin | C; P: 10.3%, E; 43.5% | Non random | 399 | Not reported | Yes | CTS, self reported | No | No | 4 |
Ruiz-Perez et al. 2006, primary care | Spain | LT of any violence; 22.8% | Non random | 449 | 89.08% | Yes | WHO Q, self administered | No | No | 5 |
Lown et al. 2006, population study | California | C P; 27.4%, S; 6.7% | Non random | 1,786 | 85% | Yes | CTS, interview | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Ghazizadeh et al. 2005, population study | Iran | LT P; 38%, C; 15% | random | 1,040 | 97% | No | Others, interview | No | No | |
Faramarzi et al. 2005, obstetric/gynecology clinic | Iran | C P; 15%, S; 42.4%, E; 81.5% | Non random | 2,400 | Not clear | Yes | AAS, interview | No | No | 5 |
Ahmed and Elmradi 2005, medical center | Sudan | C P & E; 41.6% | Non random | 492 | 86.8% | Yes | Others, self-administered | No | No | 4 |
Evans-Campbell et al. 2006, population study | New York | LT P; 40% | random | 112 women | 83% | No | Others, interview | No | Yes | 4 |
op-Sidibe et al. 2006, population study | Egypt | LT P; 34.3%, C; 47% | random | 6,566 | 99% | Yes | Others, interview | No | No | 5 |
Apler et al. 2005, primary care | Turkey | LT P; 58.7%, C P; 41.1%%, E; 33.6% | Non random | 506 | Not reported | Yes | AAS, interview | No | No | 4 |
Coid et al. 2003, general practice | Hackney, east London | LT S; 24% | Non random | 1,206 | 54% | Yes | Others, self administered | Yes | No | 4 |
Siegel et al. 2003, pediatric setting | U.S | Incidence; 6%, LT P; 22%, C: 16% | Non random | 435 | Not reported | No | Others, self administered | No | Yes | 3 |
Boyle and Todd 2003, ED | Cambridge | LT P; 21.3%, C; 6.1%, incidence: 1.2% | random | 307 | 84.8% | Yes | Others, interview | Yes | No | 5 |
Shaikh et al. 2003, obstetric/gynecology clinic | Pakistan | LT P; 55.9%, E; 75.9%, S; 46.9% | Non random | 307 | 70.4% | Yes | Others, interview | No | No | 3 |
Richardson et al. 2002, general practice | East London | LT P:;41%, C; 17%, E; 74% | Non random | 2,192 | 64% | Yes | Others, self administered | Yes | Yes | 6 |
Bradley et al. 2002, general practice | Ireland | LT P; 39%, E; 54% | Non random | 2,615 | 72% | Yes | Others, self administered | Yes | No | 5 |
Mazza et al. 2001, population study | Australia | Overall LT prevalence; 28.5%, E; 17%, S; 40.8%, | Non random | 395 | 90% | Yes | CTS, self-administered | Yes | No | 6 |
Zachary et al. 2001, ED | New York | C P; 7.9%, LT; 38% | Non random | 795 | 76.8% | Yes | CTS, interview | No | Yes | 6 |
Az- Olavarrieta et al. 2001, hospital study | Mexico | LT P; 14%, E; overall; 40%, S; 9.3% | Non random | 1,255 | 83% | Yes | Others, elf-administered | Yes | No | 5 |
Augenbraun et al. 2001, hospital study | Brooklyn, NY | LT P; 37.6%, E; 32.8%, C P; 15.5%, E; 19.1% | Non random | 375 | 96% | Yes | Others, elf-administered | No | Yes | 5 |
Lown and Vega 2001, population study | Fresno County, California | C P; 10.7% | Random | 1,155 | 90% | Yes | AAS, self-administered | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Hedin et al. 2000, gynecology clinic | Sweden | C; P; 6%, S; 3%, E; 12.5% | Non random | 207 | 64% | Yes | SVAW, self-administered | No | No | 3 |
Jones et al. 1999, HMO survey | Washington DC | LT P, S, E; 36.9%, C; 4% | Non random | 10, 599 | 14% | Yes | AAS, self-administered | No | No | 4 |
Duffy et al. 1999, pediatric ED | New England city | LT P; 52%, S; 21%, | Non random | 157 | Not reported | Yes | AAS, interview | No | Yes | 4 |
Fikree and Bhatti 1999, primary care | Pakistan, Karachi | LT P; 34% | Non random | 150 | Not reported | No | Others, interview | No | No | 1 |
Dearwater et al. 1998, ED | Pennsylvania & California | LT P/E; 36.9%, C P/S; 14.4% | Non random | 4,641 | 74% | Yes | AAS, self-administered | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Ernst et al. 1997, ED | New Orleans | LT non P; 22%, P; 33%, C non-Pl; 15%, current P; 19% | random | 283 women | 94% | Yes | ISA, self-administered | No | No | 5 |
Feldhaus et al. 1997, ED | Colorado | C P; 25.5% | Random | 322 | 76% | Yes | PVS, interview | No | Yes | 7 |
Salena et al. 2004, population study | southeast US | C P; 70%, LT; 17% | Non random | 309 | Not reported | Yes | Others, self-administered | No | Yes | 4 |
Biroscak et al. 2006, ED | Michigan | Incidence P, S; 38.8% | Random | 2,926 | 82% | Yes | Others, chart review | Yes | No | 6 |
Salam et al. 2006, population study | Bangladesh | Overall P, S, E; 44.9% | random | 496 | 73% | Yes | Others, interview | No | Yes | 6 |
Hofner et al. 2005, ED | Switzerland | Overall C P, E; 10.8% | Non random | 1,894 | 77.2% | Yes | PVS, interview | No | No | 5 |
Eisikovits et al. 2004, population study | Israel | LT P; 13%, C; 6%, C E; 56% | Random | 2,092 | 70% | Yes | CTS, self-administered | No | Yes | 7 |
Rinfret-Raynor et al. 2004, population study | Canada (Quebec) | C; P; 6.1%, S; 6.8%, E; 66.2% | Random | 2,120 | 76.6% | Yes | SVS, CTS, telephone survey | No | Yes | 7 |
Krishnan et al. 2005, population study | South India | LT P; 29%, S; 12% | Random | 397 | 88 | Yes | Others, interview | Yes | No | 6 |
Koziol-McLain et al. 1999, population study (PHD) | Colorado | C P, S; 8.4% | Random | 409 | 82% | Yes | PVS, followed by CTS, telephone survey | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Jain et al. 2004, population study | India | LT P; 48%, C; 24%, C E; 38%, | Random | 500 | 79% | Yes | Others, interview | No | Yes | 6 |
Csoboth et al. 2003, population study | Hungarian | LT P; 31.7% | Random | 3,615 | 94% | Yes | Others, self-administered | No | No | 5 |
Wijma et al. 2003, gynecology clinic | 5 Nordic countries | LT P; 47.7%, C; 3.9%. | Non random | 4,729 | 77 | Yes | NorAQ, self-administered | No | No | 5 |
LT S; 24.1%, C; 1.2%, | ||||||||||
LT E; 26.8%, C; 6.2%. | ||||||||||
Medina et al. 2003, population study | Spain | P; 8.05%, S; 11.48%, E; 42.52% | random | 2,015 | 71.3% | Yes | CTS, interview | Yes | Yes | 8 |
Smith et al. 2002, population study | U.S | C P; 8.6%, S; 8.2%, E; 13.5% | random | 268 | 45% | Yes | AAS, self-administered | No | No | 4 |
Yoshihama et al. 2001, population study | Japan | LT P; 51.7%, S; 29.9%, E; 75.8% | random | 211 | 52% | Yes | CTS, interview | No | Yes | 5 |
X Xu et al. 2001, obstetric/gynecology clinic, PHD | China | LT P; 38%, S;16% | random | 600 | 885 | Yes | WHO, interview | No | No | 6 |
C P; 21%, S; 12% | ||||||||||
Tollestrup et al. 1999, population study | Mexico | C E; 13.5%, P; 6.7% | random | 2,418 | 75% | Yes | CTS, telephone survey | No | Yes | 7 |
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Alhabib, S., Nur, U. & Jones, R. Domestic Violence Against Women: Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies. J Fam Viol 25, 369–382 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9298-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9298-4