Skip to main content
Log in

Tokamak Power Exhaust with the Snowflake Divertor: Present Results and Outstanding Issues

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Journal of Fusion Energy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A snowflake divertor magnetic configuration (Ryutov in Phys Plasmas 14(6):064502, 2007) with the second-order poloidal field null offers a number of possible advantages for tokamak plasma heat and particle exhaust in comparison with the standard poloidal divertor with the first-order null. Results from snowflake divertor experiments are briefly reviewed and future directions for research in this area are outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. ITER Physics Expert Group on Divertor, ITER Physics Expert Group on Divertor Modelling, Database and ITER Physics Basis Editors. Nucl. Fusion 39(12), 2391 (1999)

  2. A. Loarte, B. Lipschultz, A. Kukushkin, G. Matthews, P. Stangeby, N. Asakura, G. Counsell, G. Federici, A. Kallenbach, K. Krieger, A. Mahdavi, V. Philipps, D. Reiter, J. Roth, J. Strachan, D. Whyte, R. Doerner, T. Eich, W. Fundamenski, A. Herrmann, M. Fenstermacher, P. Ghendrih, M. Groth, A. Kirschner, S. Konoshima, B. LaBombard, P. Lang, A. Leonard, P. Monier-Garbet, R. Neu, H. Pacher, B. Pegourie, R. Pitts, S. Takamura, J. Terry, E. Tsitrone, Nucl. Fusion 47, S203 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. V.A. Soukhanovskii, Advanced divertor magnetic configurations for tokamaks: concepts, status, future. in Edge Coorinating Committee Fall Technical Meeting. (2014). http://fire.pppl.gov/APS-DPP14_Divertor_Soukhanovskii.pdf

  4. D. Ryutov, Phys. Plasmas 14(6), 064502 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. D. Ryutov, R. Cohen, T. Rognlien, M. Umansky, Phys. Plasmas 15, 092501 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. D. Ryutov, M. Makowski, M. Umansky, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 52, 105001 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. F. Piras, S. Coda, B. Duval, B. Labit, J. Marki, S. Medvedev, J.M. Moret, A. Pitzschke, O. Sauter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(15), 155003 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. V. Soukhanovskii, J.W. Ahn, R. Bell, D. Gates, S. Gerhardt, R. Kaita, E. Kolemen, B. LeBlanc, R. Maingi, M. Makowski, R. Maqueda, A. McLean, J. Menard, D. Mueller, S. Paul, R. Raman, A. Roquemore, D. Ryutov, S. Sabbagh, H. Scott, Nucl. Fusion 51, 012001 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Allen, V. Soukhanovskii, T. Osborne, E. Kolemen, J. Boedo, N. Brooks, M. Fenstermacher, R. Groebner, D. Hill, A. Hyatt, C. Lasnier, A. Leonard, M. Makowski, W. Meyer, A. McLean, T. Petrie, D. Ryutov, J.W.S. Allen, V. Soukhanovskii, T. Osborne, E. Kolemen, J. Boedo, N. Brooks, M. Fenstermacher, R. Groebner, D. Hill, A. Hyatt, C. Lasnier, A. Leonard, M. Makowski, W. Meyer, A. McLean, T. Petrie, D. Ryutov, J. Watkins, in Proceedings of 24th IAEA FEC - IAEA CN-197, San Diego, 8–13 October 2012. (2012). Paper PD/1-2

  10. D. Hill, Nucl. Fusion 53(10), 104001 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. G. Calabro, S.L. Chen, Y. Guo, J. Li, W. Liang, Z. Luo, B. Xiao, J. Xu, R.Albanese, R. Ambrosino, L. Barbato, F. Crisanti, E. Giovannozzi, S. Mastrostefano, A.Pironti, V.P. Ridolfini, G. Ramogida, A. Tuccillo, F. Villone, B. Viola, R.Zagórski, EAST team, in Proceedings of 25th IAEA FEC - IAEA CN-221, St. Petersburg, 16-21 October 2014. (2014). Paper Ex/P3-4

  12. R. Albanese, R. Ambrosino, M. Mattei, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56(3), 035008 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Ambrosino, R. Albanese, S. Coda, M. Mattei, J.M. Moret, H. Reimerdes, Nucl. Fusion 54(12), 123008 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. E. Kolemen, S. Allen, B. Bray, M. Fenstermacher, D. Humphreys, A. Hyatt, C. Lasnier, A. Leonard, M. Makowski, A. McLean, R. Maingi, R. Nazikian, T. Petrie, V. Soukhanovskii, E. Unterberg, J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 1186–1190 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. H. Yamada, Nucl. Fusion 53(10), 104025 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. V. Soukhanovskii, R. Bell, A. Diallo, S. Gerhardt, S. Kaye, E. Kolemen, B. LeBlanc, A. McLean, J. Menard, S. Paul, M. Podesta, R. Raman, T. Rognlien, A. Roquemore, D. Ryutov, F. Scotti, M. Umansky, D. Battaglia, M. Bell, D. Gates, R. Kaita, R. Maingi, D. Mueller, S. Sabbagh, Phys. Plasmas 19, 082504 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. S. Medvedev, A. Ivanov, A. Martynov, Y. Poshekhonov, R. Behn, Y. Martin, J.M. Moret, F. Piras, A. Pitzschke, A. Pochelon, O. Sauter, L. Villard, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 50, 324 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. V.A. Soukhanovskii, S.L. Allen, M.E. Fenstermacher, C.J.L. D. Hill, M.A. Makowski, A.G. McLean, W.H. Meyer, D. Ryutov, E. Kolemen, R. Groebner, A.W. Hyatt, A.W. Leonard, T.H. Osborne, T.W. Petrie, J.A. Boedo, J. G.Watkins, in Proceedings of 25th IAEA FEC - IAEA CN-221, St. Petersburg, 16-21 October 2014. (2014). Paper EX/7-4

  19. D. Ryutov, M. Umansky, Phys. Plasmas 17, 014501 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. H. Reimerdes, G. Canal, B. Duval, B. Labit, T. Lunt, W. Vijvers, S. Coda, G. De Temmerman, T. Morgan, F. Nespoli, B. Tal, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55(12), 124027 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. W. Vijvers, G. Canal, B. Labit, H. Reimerdes, B. Tal, S. Coda, G. De Temmerman, B. Duval, T. Morgan, J. Zielinski, Nucl. Fusion 54, 023009 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. T. Lunt, G. Canal, Y. Feng, H. Reimerdes, B. Duval, B. Labit, W. Vijvers, D. Coster, K. Lackner, M. Wischmeier, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56(3), 035009 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. G.P. Canal, Sawtooth generated magnetic islands and the properties of the snowflake divertor. Ph.D. thesis, École Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne (2014)

  24. D. Ryutov, R. Cohen, J. Menard, T. Rognlien, V. Soukhanovskii, M. Umansky, in Proceedings of 24th IAEA FEC, San Diego (2012), Paper TH/P4-18

  25. D. Ryutov, R. Cohen, T. Rognlien, M. Umansky, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 52, 539 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. W. Farmer, D. Ryutov, Phys. Plasmas 20(9), 092117 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. W. Farmer, Phys. Plasmas 21(4), 042114 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. D. Ryutov, R. Cohen, T. Rognlien, M. Umansky, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 54, 124050 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. D. Ryutov, R. Cohen, W. Farmer, T. Rognlien, M. Umansky, Phys. Scr. 89, 088002 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. T. Rognlien, R. Cohen, D. Ryutov, M. Umansky, J. Nucl. Mater. 438, S418 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. E. Meier, V. Soukhanovskii, R. Bell, A. Diallo, R. Kaita, B. LeBlanc, A. McLean, M. Podest, T. Rognlien, F. Scotti, J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 1200–1204 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. V. Soukhanovskii, R. Bell, A. Diallo, S. Gerhardt, R. Kaita, S. Kaye, E. Kolemen, B. LeBlanc, R. Maingi, A. McLean, J. Menard, D. Mueller, S. Paul, M. Podesta, R. Raman, A. Roquemore, D. Ryutov, F. Scotti, in 39th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics 2012, EPS 2012 and the 16th International Congress on Plasma Physics 3, 1682 (2012)

  33. H. Reimerdes, G. Canal, B. Duval, B. Labit, T. Lunt, F. Nespoli, W. Vijvers, G.D. Temmerman, C. Lowry, T. Morgan, B. Tal, M. Wischmeier, J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 1196–1199 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. V. Soukhanovskii, S. Allen, M. Fenstermacher, D. Hill, C. Lasnier, M. Makowski, A. McLean, W. Meyer, E. Kolemen, R. Groebner, A. Hyatt, A. Leonard, T. Osborne, T. Petrie, J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 1191–1195 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. T. Petrie, S. Allen, M. Fenstermacher, R. Groebner, C. Holcomb, E. Kolemen, R.L. Haye, C. Lasnier, A. Leonard, T. Luce, A. McLean, R. Maingi, R. Moyer, W. Solomon, V. Soukhanovskii, F. Turco, J. Watkins, J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 1225–1228 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. G. Zheng, X. Xu, D. Ryutov, Y. Pan, T. Xia, Fusion Eng. Des. 89(11), 2621 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. I. Katramados, G. Fishpool, M. Fursdon, G. Whitfield, V. Thompson, H. Meyer, Fusion Eng. Des. 86, 1595 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. G. Fishpool, J. Canik, G. Cunningham, J. Harrison, I. Katramados, A. Kirk, M. Kovari, H. Meyer, R. Scannell, J. Nucl. Mater. 438, S356 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Dr. D. D. Ryutov is acknowledged for helpful discussions. This work is supported by the US Department of Energy under DE-AC5207NA27344.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. A. Soukhanovskii.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Soukhanovskii, V.A., Xu, X. Tokamak Power Exhaust with the Snowflake Divertor: Present Results and Outstanding Issues. J Fusion Energ 35, 31–33 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-015-9999-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-015-9999-z

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

Navigation