Abstract
The comparison theorem is proved for stochastic functional differential equations whose drift term satisfies the quasimonotone condition and diffusion term is independent of delay. Application is given to stochastic neutral networks with delays.
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Acknowledgments
The first author is partly supported by the Natural Science Research Project of High Education of Anhui province under Grant No. 2012AJZR0323. The second author was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 11371252, Research and Innovation Project of Shanghai Education Committee under Grant No. 14zz120, and the Program of Shanghai Normal University (DZL121).
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Appendix: The Proof of Theorem 1
Appendix: The Proof of Theorem 1
The idea for the proof is partially borrowed from [16].
Since \(\rho \) is concave with \(\rho (0) = 0\), there are two positive constants \(a_1, a_2\) such that
As before, \(\varrho (x) \triangleq x + \rho (x)\ \mathrm{for}\ x \ge 0.\)
Lemma 12
For any \(T > 1 \) and \(\xi \in L^2(\varOmega , C(I,\mathbb {R}^d))\), where \(I\) is an interval, let
Then \(T_1 \triangleq \frac{4C_1}{C_2(4C_1+4C_1a_1+a_2)}\), depending only on \(T\) and \(\rho \) rather than on \(\xi \), satisfies that
Proof
\(\tilde{T}_1 \triangleq \frac{4\tilde{C}_1(\xi )}{C_2(4\tilde{C}_1(\xi )+4\tilde{C}_1(\xi )a_1+a_2)}.\) Then \(T_1 < \tilde{T}_1 < 1\). Since \(\varrho \) is increasing on \([0,\infty )\), it suffices to show that
Equivalently, \((C_3\tilde{T}_1)\le 4\tilde{C}_1(\xi ),\) i.e.,
By (5.1),
This proves (5.2). \(\square \)
From now on, fix \(T > 1\) and let \(k\) be an integer with \(\frac{T}{k} < T_1\). Denote by
Consider the stochastic functional differential equations
Proposition 13
Let \(\xi \in L^2(\varOmega , C(J_i,\mathbb {R}^d))\) be \(\{\mathfrak {F}_t\}_{t\in J_i}\) adapted. Then (5.3) has a solution \(x\in L^2(\varOmega , C([\frac{iT}{k}-\tau ,\frac{(i+1)T}{k}],\mathbb {R}^d))\) adapted to \(\{\mathfrak {F}_{t}\}_{t\in J_i\cup I_i}\) and with initial process \(\xi \).
Proof
To prove the existence of solution to (5.3), let us construct the following sequence of successive approximations by setting
for \(n\ge 1,\) and
For every \(t\in I_i\), by (5.4) and the Hölder inequality we have
By the Burkholder–Davis–Gundy inequality we have
It follows from (H4) and \(t-\frac{iT}{k}\le T\) for \(t\in I_i\) that
which shows
Using the classical Gronwall inequality we get that for \(t\in I_i\)
In particular,
From (5.4) it follows that \(\{x^{n}(t),n\ge 1,t\in I_i\}\) are adapted to \((\mathfrak {F}_{t})_{t\in I_i}\) with continuous sample paths. Again by (5.4) and the Hölder inequality we get that for any \(n\ge 1,m\ge 1\) and \(t\in I_i\)
By (H2), (H3\(^*\)), the concavity of \(\rho \) and the Burkholder–Davis–Gundy inequality, we have
where \(C_{2}=4TdL+8d\). The above inequality and (5.5) show that
where \(C_{3}\triangleq C_{2}\varrho (4\tilde{C}_{1}(\xi )).\)
Define two sequences of functions \(\{\varphi _{n}(t)\}\) and \(\{\widetilde{\varphi }_{n,m}(t)\}\) on \(I_i\) as follows:
We claim that for every \(n\ge 1\) and \(m\ge 1\),
First of all, By (5.2), the assumption \(\frac{T}{k} < T_1\) and the monotonicity for \(\varrho \), we have for any \(t\in I_i,\)
In view of (5.7) and (5.6), we have
But by (5.9) we also have
Now we have already shown that for \(t\in I_i,\)
Next we assume that (5.8) holds for some \(n\ge 2\), then by (5.6)
that is, (5.8) holds for \(n+1\) as well. Consequently by induction (5.8) must hold for \(n\ge 1.\)
Now our purpose is to prove
as \(l,n\rightarrow \infty .\) Note that for every \(n\ge 1, \varphi _{n}(t)\) is increasing on \(I_i\) and for each \(t, \varphi _{n}(t)\) is monotonically nonincreasing as \(n\rightarrow \infty .\) Hence we can define the function \(\varphi (t)\) by \(\varphi _{n}(t)\downarrow \varphi (t).\) It is easy to see that \(\varphi (t)\) is continuous and increasing on \(I_i.\) By the definition of \(\varphi _{n}(t)\) and \(\varphi (t)\) we have
The proof of Corollary 2.3 shows that \(\varphi (t)=0,\ t\in I_i.\) Clearly \(\varphi _{n}(\frac{(i+1)T}{k})\downarrow 0\) as \(n\rightarrow \infty .\) Hence for any \(\epsilon >0\), there exists an integer \(N\ge 1\) such that \(\varphi _{n}(\frac{(i+1)T}{k})<\epsilon \) whenever \(n>N.\) For any \(m\ge 1\) and \(n>N\), the above claim deduces that
So (5.10) holds. It follows that
For each \(x(t)\in \mathbb {L}^{2}(\varOmega ,C(J_i\bigcup I_i,\mathbb {R}^{d}))\), define \(\Vert x\Vert _{\star }\triangleq (E\sup \nolimits _{t\in J_i\bigcup I_i}|x(t)|^{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}\). Then the space \(\mathbb {L}^{2}(\varOmega ,C(J_i\bigcup I_i,\mathbb {R}^{d}))\) is a Banach space. Consequently by (5.11) there exists \(x(t)\in \mathbb {L}^{2}(\varOmega ,C(J_i\bigcup I_i,\mathbb {R}^{d}))\) such that
For any \(\delta >0\), by Chebyshev’s inequality we have
By the definition of limit, there is a subsequence \(\{n_{k}\}_{k=1}^{\infty }\) satisfying that
The Borel–Cantelli Lemma shows that \(x^{n_{k}}(t)\) converges to \(x(t)\) uniformly on \(J_i\bigcup I_i\) almost surely. It follows that \(x(t),\ t\in I_i\) has continuous sample paths and is adapted to \(\{\mathfrak {F}_{t}\}_{t\in I_i}\). Moreover, simply computation shows that
as \(n\rightarrow \infty .\) Letting \(n\rightarrow \infty \), we conclude that \(x(t), \ t\in I_i\) satisfies system (5.3). This completes the proof. \(\square \)
Proof of Theorem 2.1
For any \(\phi \in \mathcal {C}\) and \(T > 1\), applying Proposition 13 with \(i=0,\ \xi =\phi \), we get the solution \(x = x(t)\) for (2.1) on \(I_0\), which is adapted to \(\{\mathfrak {F}_{t}\}_{t\in I_0}\). Then again using Proposition 13 with \(i=1,\ \xi =x_{\frac{T}{k}}\), we have a solution for (5.3) on \(I_1\) adapted to \(\{\mathfrak {F}_{t}\}_{t\in I_1}\). In this way, we have extended the solution for (2.1) to the interval \(I_0\bigcup I_1\). Repeatedly applying Proposition 13 with \(\xi =x_{\frac{iT}{k}}\) for \(i=2,\ldots ,k-1\) in order, we obtain that the existence for the strong solution for (2.1) on the interval \([0,T]\), which is adapted to \(\{\mathfrak {F}_{t}\}_{t\in [0,T]}\). Since \(T\) is arbitrary, the global strong solution exists. Lemma II.2.1 in [17] guarantees that \(x_{t}(\phi )\) is a \(\mathcal {C}\)-valued process adapted to \(\{\mathfrak {F}_{t}\}_{t\ge 0}\) with continuous sample paths.
Finally we finish the proof of the uniqueness of solution to system (2.1). To this end, we assume that \(\{x(t),t\ge 0\}\) and \(\{x^{*}(t),t\ge 0\}\) are solutions to system (2.1). Using the above similar arguments, we have
This shows that \(\{x(t),t\ge 0\}\) and \(\{x^{*}(t),t\ge 0\}\) are modifications of one another, and thus are indistinguishable. This completes the proof. \(\square \)
Remark 14
Using Fatou Lemma and (5.5) one has
Hence by the pathwise continuity of \(x(t)\) and Lebesgue’s Theorem on dominated convergence one concludes that \(t\rightarrow E\sup \nolimits _{0\le \chi \le t}|x(\chi )|^{2}\) is continuous.
Note We independently obtain the comparison theorem for SFDEs. This result was first presented in the Second International Conference on Recent Advances in Random Dynamical Systems, which held in Nanjing Normal University on June 20–23, 2011, and then in several international conferences. We submitted it to Stochastic Analysis and Applications on October 24, 2011 and withdrew the submission on August 18, 2014.
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Bai, X., Jiang, J. Comparison Theorem for Stochastic Functional Differential Equations and Applications. J Dyn Diff Equat 29, 1–24 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10884-014-9406-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10884-014-9406-x