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Evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy under apnea-dependent hypoxia in humans

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Abstract

In this study we investigated the responsiveness of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) recordings measuring regional cerebral tissue oxygenation (rSO2) during hypoxia in apneic divers. The goal was to mimic dynamic hypoxia as present during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, laryngospasm, airway obstruction, or the “cannot ventilate cannot intubate” situation. Ten experienced apneic divers performed maximal breath hold maneuvers under dry conditions. SpO2 was measured by Masimo™ pulse oximetry on the forefinger of the left hand. NIRS was measured by NONIN Medical’s EQUANOX™ on the forehead or above the musculus quadriceps femoris. Following apnea median cerebral rSO2 and SpO2 values decreased significantly from 71 to 54 and from 100 to 65 %, respectively. As soon as cerebral rSO2 and SpO2 values decreased monotonically the correlation between normalized cerebral rSO2 and SpO2 values was highly significant (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.893). Prior to correlation analyses, the values were normalized by dividing them by the individual means of stable pre-apneic measurements. Cerebral rSO2 measured re-saturation after termination of apnea significantly earlier (10 s, SD = 3.6 s) compared to SpO2 monitoring (21 s, SD = 4.4 s) [t(9) = 7.703, p < 0.001, r2 = 0.868]. Our data demonstrate that NIRS monitoring reliably measures dynamic changes in cerebral tissue oxygen saturation, and identifies successful re-saturation faster than SpO2. Measuring cerebral rSO2 may prove beneficial in case of respiratory emergencies and during pulseless situations where SpO2 monitoring is impossible.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks to all volunteers of the study and to Anja Reckendorf for critical reading of the manuscript. L. Eichhorn was supported by a scholarship of Else-Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest. The authors have no financial relationship with NONIN Medical’s EQUANOX™. All machines were already available in our University hospital.

Ethical standard

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

      Lars Eichhorn, Felix Erdfelder, Florian Kessler, Marcus O. Thudium & Richard K. Ellerkmann

    2. Department of Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

      Jonas Doerner

    3. Institute of Physiology 2, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

      Rainer Meyer

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    1. Lars Eichhorn
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    Correspondence to Lars Eichhorn.

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    Lars Eichhorn and Felix Erdfelder have contributed equally to this work.

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    Eichhorn, L., Erdfelder, F., Kessler, F. et al. Evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy under apnea-dependent hypoxia in humans. J Clin Monit Comput 29, 749–757 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-015-9662-2

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