Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Comparison of carbon cycle between the western Pacific subarctic and subtropical time-series stations: highlights of the K2S1 project

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Oceanography Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A comparative study of ecosystems and biogeochemistry at time-series stations in the subarctic gyre (K2) and subtropical region (S1) of the western North Pacific Ocean (K2S1 project) was conducted between 2010 and 2013 to collect essential data about the ecosystem and biological pump in each area and to provide a baseline of information for predicting changes in biologically mediated material cycles in the future. From seasonal chemical and biological observations, general oceanographic settings were verified and annual carbon budgets at both stations were determined. Annual mean of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity at the oligotrophic station S1 were comparable to that at the eutrophic station K2. Based on chemical/physical observations and numerical simulations, the likely “missing nutrient source” was suggested to include regeneration, meso-scale eddy driven upwelling, meteorological events, and eolian inputs in addition to winter vertical mixing. Time-series observation of carbonate chemistry revealed that ocean acidification (OA) was ongoing at both stations, and that the rate of OA was faster at S1 than at K2 although OA at K2 is more critical for calcifying organisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andreev A, Watanabe S (2002) Temporal changes in dissolved oxygen of the intermediate water in the subarctic North Pacific. Geophys Res Lett 29(14):1680. doi:10.1029/2002GL015021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arrigo KR (2007) Carbon cycle: marine manipulation. Nature 450(22):491–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babin SM, Carton JA, Dickey TD, Wiggert JD (2004) Satellite evidence of hurricane-induved phytoplankton blooms in an oceanic desert. J Geophys Res 109:C03043. doi:10.1029/2003JC001938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker AR, Croot PL (2008) Atmospheric and marine controls on aerosol iron solubility in seawater. Mar Chem. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2008.09.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker DCE, Pfeil B, Smith K, Hankin S, Olsen A, Alin SR, Cosca C, Harasawa S, Kozyr A, Nojiri Y, O’Brien KM, Schuster U, Telszewski M, Tilbrook B, Wada C, Akl J, Barbero L, Bates NR, Boutin J, Bozec Y, Cai WJ, Castle RD, Chavez FP, Che L, Chierici M, Currie K, De Baar HJW, Evans W, Feely RA, Fransson A, Gao Z, Hales B, Hardman-Mountford NJ, Hoppema M, Huang WJ, Hunt CW, Huss B, Ichikawa T, Johannessen T, Jones EM, Jones S, Jutterstrøm S, Kitidis V, Körtzinger A, Landschützer P, Lauvset SK, Lefèvre N, Manke AB, Mathis JT, Merlivat L, Metzl N, Murata A, Newberger T, Omar AM, Ono T, Park GH, Paterson K, Pierrot D, Ríos AF, Sabine CL, Saito S, Salisbury J, Sarma VVSS, Schlitzer R, Sieger R, Skjelvan I, Steinhoff T, Sullivan KF, Sun H, Sutton AJ, Suzuki T, Sweeney C, Takahashi T, Tjiputra J, Tsurushima N, Van Heuven SMAC, Vandemark D, Vlahos P, Wallace DWR, Wanninkhof R, Watson AJ (2014) An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2). Earth Syst Sci Data 6:69–90. doi:10.5194/essd-6-69-2014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beherenfeld MJ, Falkowski PG (1997) A consumers guide to phytoplankton primary production models. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1479–1491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bopp L, Monfray P, Aumont O, Dufresne J-L, Treut HL, Madec G, Terray L, Orr JC (2001) Potential impact of climate change on marine export production. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 15:81–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bopp L, Aumont O, Cadule P, Alvain S, Gehlen M (2005) Response of diatoms distribution to global warming and potential implications: a global model study. Geophys Res Lett 32:L19606. doi:10.1029/2005GL023653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bopp L, Resplandy Orr JC, Doney SC, Dunne JP, Gehlen M, Halloran P, Heinze C, Ilyina T, Seferian R, Tjiputra J, Vichi M (2013) Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models. Biogeosci 10:6115–6245. doi:10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd PW, Lennartz ST, Glover DM, Doney SC (2015) Biological ramifications of climate-change-mediated oceanic multi-stressors. Nature climate change 5:71–79. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buesseler KO, Lamborg CH, Boyd PW, Lam PJ, Trull TW, Bidigare RR, Bishop JKB, Casciotti KL, Dehairs F, Elskens M, Honda MC, Karl DM, Siegel DA, Silver MW, Steinberg DK, Valdes J, Mooy BV, Wilson S (2007) Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean’s twilight zone. Science 316:567–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buesseler KO, Trull TW, Steinberg DK, Silver MW, Siegel DA, Saitoh S, Lamborg CH, Lam PJ, Karl DM, Jiao NZ, Honda MC, Elskens M, Dehairs F, Brown SL, Boyd PW, Bishop JKB, Bidigare RR (2008) VERTIGO (VERtical Transport In the Global Ocean): a study of particle sources and flux attenuation in the North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res 55(14–15):1522–1539

    Google Scholar 

  • Caron DA, Goldman JC (1990) Protozoan nutrient regeneration. In: Capriulo GM (ed) Ecology of marine protozoa. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 283–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiba S, Aita MN, Tadokoro K, Saino T, Sugisaki H, Nakata K (2008) From climate regime shift to lower-tropic level phenology: synthesis of recent progress in retrospective studies of the Western North Pacific. Progress Oceanogr 77:112–126. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.03.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway TJ, Masarie KA, Lang PM, Tans PP (2012) NOAA Greenhouse Gas Reference from Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA ESRL Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network Path: ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/

  • del Giorge PA, Cole JJ (2000) Bacteria energetics and growth efficiency. In: Kirchman DL (ed) Microbial ecology of the oceans, Wiley-Liss, Hoboken, vol 99, pp 289–325

  • Denman KL, Pena MA (2002) The response of two coupled one-dimensional mixed layer/plankton ecosystem models to climate change in the NE subarctic Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 49:5739–5758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsh C, Emerson S, Thompson L (2005) Fingerprints of climate change in North Pacific oxygen. Geophys Res Lett 32:L16604. doi:10.1029/2005GL023190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson AG, Millero FJ (1987) A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep Sea Res Part A 34:1733–1743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dlugokency EJ, Masarie KA, Lang PM, Tans PP (2014) NOAA Greenhouse Gas Reference from Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA ESRL Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network. Data Path: http://a.cmdl.noaa.gov/data/trace_gases/co2/flask/surface/

  • Doney SC (2006) Plankton in a warmer world. Nature 444:695–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dore JE, Lukas Sadler RDW, Church MJ, Karl DM (2009) Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235–12240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duce RA, LaRoche J, Altieri K, Arrigo KR, Baker AR, Capone DG, Cornell S, Dentener F, Galloway J, Ganeshram RS, Geider RJ, Jickells T, Kuypers MM, Langlois R, Liss PS, Liu SM, Middelburg JJ, Moore CM, Nickovic S, Oschlies A, Pedersen T, Prospero J, Schlitzer R, Seitzinger S, Sorensen LL, Uematsu M, Ulloa O, Voss M, Ward B, Zamora L (2008) Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean. Science 320:893–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egleston ES, Sabine CL, Morel FMM (2010) Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify the response of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and alkalinity. Global Biogeochem Cycles 24: GB1002 doi:10.1029/2008GB003407

  • Feely RA, Doney SC, Cooley SR (2009) Ocean acidification. Oceangr 22(4):36–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Feely RA, Sabine CL, Byrne RH, Millero FJ, Dickson AG, Wanninkhof R, Murata A, Miller LA (2012) Decadal changes in the aragonite and calcite saturation state of the Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles. GB3001. doi:10.1029/2011GB004157

  • Fenchel T, Finlay BJ (1983) Respiration rates in heterotrophic free-living protozoa. Microb Ecol 9:99–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiki T, Matsumoto K, Mino Y, Sasaoka K, Wakita M, Kawakami H, Honda MC, Watanabe S, Saino T (2014) The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton community structure and photo-physiological state in the western subarctic gyre of the North Pacific. Limnol Oceanogr 59(3):887–900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H, Ogawa H, Nagata T, Koike I (1998) Direct determination of carbon and nitrogen contents of natural bacterial assemblages in marine environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(9):3352–3358

    Google Scholar 

  • Giering SLC, Sanders R, Lampitt RS, Anderson TR, Tamburini C, Boutrif M, Zubkov MV, Marsay CM, Henson SA, Saw K, Cook K, Mayor DJ (2014) Reconciliation of the carbon budget in the ocean’s twilight zone. Nature 507:480–483. doi:10.1038/nature13123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gnaiger E (1983) Calculation of energetic and biochemical equivalents of respiratory oxygen consumption. In: Gnaiger E, Forster H (eds) Polar organic oxugen sensors. Springer, Berlin, pp 337–345

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg WW, Ginoux P, O’Reilly JE, Casey NW (2003) Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes. Geophys Res Lett 30 (15). doi:10.1029/2003GL016889

  • Harrison PJ, Boyd PW, Varela DE, Takeda S, Shiomoto A, Odate T (1999) Comparison of factors controlling phytoplankton productivity in the NE and NW Subarctic Pacific Gyres. Prog Oceanogr 43:205–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison PJ, Whitney FA, Tsuda A, Saito H, Tadokoro K (2004) Nutrient and plankton dynamics in the NE and NW gyres of the subarctic Pacific Ocean. J Oceanogr 60:93–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hashioka T, Sakamoto TT, Yamanaka Y (2009) Potential impact of global warming on North Pacific spring blooms projected by an eddy-permitting 3-D ocean ecosystem model. Geophys Res Lett 36:L20604. doi:10.1029/2009GL038912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinze C (2004) Simulating oceanic CaCO3 export production in the greenhouse. Geophys Res Lett 31:L16308. doi:10.1029/2004GL0206613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda MC (2003) Biological pump in the northwestern North Pacific. J Oceanogr 59:671–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda MC, Watanabe S (2007) Utility of an automatic water sampler to observe seasonal variability in nutrients and DIC in the Northwestern North Pacific. J Oceanogr 63:349–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda MC, Watanabe S (2010) Importance of biogenic opal as ballast of particulate organic carbon (POC) transport and existence of mineral ballast-associated and residual POC in the Western Pacific Subarctic Gyre. Geophys Res Lett 37:L02605. doi:10.1029/2009GL041521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda MC, Imai K, Nojiri Y, Hoshi F, Sugawara T, Kusakabe M (2002) The biological pump in the northwestern North Pacific based on fluxes and major components of particulate matter obtained by sediment trap experiments (1997-2000). Deep-Sea Res II 49:5595–5626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda MC, Kawakami H, Sasaoka K, Watanabe S, Dickey T (2006) Quick transport of primary produced organic carbon to the ocean interior. Geophys Res Lett 33: doi:10.1029/2006GL026466

  • Honda MC, Sasaoka K, Kawakami H, Matsumoto K, Watanabe S, Dickey TD (2009) Application of underwater optical data to estimation of primary productivity. Deep Sea Res I 56:2281–2292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda MC, Kawakami H, Watanabe S, Saino T (2013) Concentration and vertical flux of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in sinking particles from two sites in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences 10:3525–3534. doi:10.5194/bg-10-3525-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda MC, Kawakami H, Matsumoto K, Wakita M, Fujiki T, Mino Y, Sukigara C, Kobari T, Uchimiya M, Kaneko R, Saino T (2016) Comparison of sinking particles in the upper 200 m between subarctic station K2 and subtropical station S1 based on drifting sediment trap experiments. J Oceanogr 72:373–386. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0280-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosoda S, Ohira T, Sato K, Suga T (2010) Improved description of global mixed-layer depth using Argo profiling floats. J Oceanogr 66:773–787. doi:10.1007/s10872-010-0063-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imai K, Nojiri Y, Tsurushima N, Saino T (2002) Time series of seasonal variation of primary productivity at station KNOT (44°N, 155°E) in the sub-arctic western North Pacific. Deep Sea Res II 49:5395–5408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue R, Suga T, Kouketsu S, Hosoda S, Kobayashi T, Sato K, Nakajima H, Kawano T (2016a) Western North Pacific Integrated Physical-Biogeochemical Ocean Observation Experiment (INBOX): part 1. Specifications and Chronology of the S1-INBOX floats. J Mar Res 74:43–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue R, Honda MC, Fujiki T, Matsumoto K, Kouketsu S, Suga T, Saino T (2016b) Western North Pacific Integrated Physical-Biogeochemical Ocean Observation Experiment (INBOX): part 2. Biogeochemical responses to eddies and typhoons revealed from shipboard measurements and the S1 biogeochemical moorings during S1-INBOX. J Mar Res 74:71–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 1535

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida H, Watanabe YW, Ishizaka J, Nakano T, Nagai N, Watanabe Y, Shimamoto A, Maeda N, Magi M (2009) Possibility of recent changes in vertical distribution and size composition of chlorophyll-a in the western North Pacific region. J Oceanogr 65:179–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jickells TD, An ZS, Andersen KK, Baker AR, Bergametti G, Brooks N, Cao JJ, Boyd PW, Duce RA, Hunter KA, Kawahata H, Kubilay N, laRoche J, Liss PS, Mahowald N, Prospero JM, Ridgwell AJ, Tegen STorres R, Torres R (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust, Ocean biogeochemistry, and climate. Science 308:67–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency (2008) Annual report on atmospheric and marine environment monitoring No. 8, Observation Results for 2006 [CD-ROM], Tokyo

  • Kaneko R, Suzuki S, Nagata T, Hamasaki K (2016) Depth-dependent (0–5000 m) and seasonal variability in archaeal community structure in the subarctic and subtropical North Pacific Ocean. J Oceanogr 72:427–438. doi:10.1007/s10872-016-0372-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karl DM, Christian JR, Dore JE, Hebel DV, Letelier RM et al (1996) Seasonal and interannual variability in primary production and particle flux at station Aloha. Deep-Sea Res II 43:539–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karl DM, Letelier R, Tupas L, Dore J, Christian J, Hebel D (1997) The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North pacific Ocean. Nature 388:533–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karl DM, Michaels AF, Bates NR, Knap A (2001) Building the long-term picture: the U.S.JGOFS time-series programs. Oceanography 14(4):6–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami H, Honda MC (2007) Time-series observation of POC fluxes estimated from 234Th in the northwestern North Pacific. Deep Sea Res I 54:1070–1090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami H, Honda MC, Wakita M, Watanabe S (2007) Time-series observation of dissolved inorganic carbon and nurtients in the northwestern North Pacific. J Oceanogr 63:967–982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami H, Honda MC, Watanabe S, Saino T (2014) Time-series observations of 210Po and 210Pb radioactivity in the western North Pacific. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. doi:10.1007/s10967-014-3141-y

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami H, Honda MC, Matsumoto K, Wakita M, Kitamura M, Fujiki T, Watanabe S (2015) POC fluxes estimated from 234Th in late spring-early summer in the western subarctic North Pacific. J Oceanogr 71:311–324. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0290-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura M, Kobari T, Honda MC, Matsumoto K, Sasaoka K, Nakamura R, Tanabe K (2016) Seasonal changes of mesozooplankton biomass and community structure in the subarctic and subtropical time-series stations in the western North Pacific. J Oceanogr 72:387–402. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0347-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Shinada A, Tsuda A (2003) Functional roles of interzonal migrating mesozooplankton in the western subarctic Pacific. Prog Oceanogr 57:279–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Steinberg DK, Ueda A, Tsuda A, Silver MW, Kitamura M (2008) Impacts of ontogenetically migrating copepods on downward carbon flux in the western subarctic Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 55:1648–1660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Kitamura M, Minowa M, Isami H, Akamatsu H, Kawakami H, Matsumoto K, Wakita M, Honda MC (2013) Impacts of the wintertime mesozooplankton community to downward carbon flux in the subarctic and subtropical Pacific Oceans. Deep Sea Res I 81:78–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Nakamura R, Unno K, Kitamura M, Tanabe K, NAgafuku H, Niibo A, Kawakami H, Matsumoto K, Honda MC (2016) Seasonal variability of carbon demands and fluxes by mesozooplankton community at subarctic and subtropical sites in the western North Pacific. J Oceanogr 72:403–418. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0348-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kouketsu S, Inoue R, Suga T (2016a) Western North Pacific Integrated physical-biogeochemical ocean observation experiment (INBOX): part 3. Mesoscale variability of dissolved oxygen concentrations observed by multiple floats during S1-INBOX. J Mar Res 74:101–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kouketsu S, Kaneko H, Okunishi T, Sasaoka K, Itoh S, Inoue R, Ueno H (2016b) Mesoscale eddy effects on temporal variability of surface chlorophyll a in the Kuroshio Extension. J Oceanogr 72:439–451. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0286-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon EY, Primeau F, Sarmiento JL (2009) The impact of remineralization depth on the air-sea carbon balance. Nat Geosci 2:630–635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laws EA, Falkowski PG, Smith WO Jr, Ducklow H, McCarthy JJ (2000) Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Glob Baiogeochem Cycles 14:1231–1246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee K, Tong LT, Millero FJ, Sabine CL, Dickson AG, Goyet C, Park GH, Wanninkhof R, Feely RA, Key RM (2006) Global relationships of total alkalinity with salinity and temperature in surface waters of the world’s oceans. Geophys Res Lett 33:L19605. doi:10.1029/2006GL027207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letelier RM, Dore JE, Winn CD, Karl DM (1996) Seasonal and interannual variations in photosynthetic carbon assimilation at station ALOHA. Deep Sea Res II 43(2–3):467–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Limsakul A, Saino T, Goes JI, Midorikawa T (2002) Seasonal variability in the lower trophic level environments of the western subtropical Pacific and Oyashio waters – A retrospective study. Deep Sea Res II 49:5487–5512. doi:10.1016/S0967-06445(02)00208-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Imai K, Suzuki K, Nojiri Y, Tsurushima N, Saino T (2002) Seasonal valiability of picophytoplankton and bacteria in the western subarctic Pacific Ocean at station KNOT. Deep Sea Res 49:5409–5420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mantua NJ, Hare SR, Zhang Y, Wallace JM, Francic RC (1997) A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:1069–1079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JH, Knauer GG, Karl DM, Broenkow WW (1987) VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep Sea Res 34:267–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K, Honda MC, Sasaoka K, Wakita M, Kawakami H, Watanabe S (2014) Seasonal variability of primary production and phytoplankton biomass in the western Pacific subarctic gyre: control by light availability within the mixed layer. J Geophys Res Oceans 119(9):6523–6534. doi:10.1002/2014JC009982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K, Abe O, Fujiki T, Sukigara C, Mino Y (2016) Primary productivity at the time-series stations in the northwestern Pacific Ocean: is the subtropical station unproductive? J Oceanogr 72:359–371. doi:10.1007/s10872-016-0354-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGillicuddy DJ, Robinson AR, Siegel DA, Jannasch HW, Johnson R, Dickey TD, McNeil J, Michaels AF, Knap AH (1998) Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea. Nature 394(6690):263–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrbach C, Culberson CH, Hawley JE, Pytkowicz RM (1973) Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol Oceanogr 18:897–907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Midorikawa T, Ishii M, Saito S, Sasano D, Kosugi N, Motoi T, Kamiya H, Nakadate A, Nemoto K, Inoue HY (2010) Decreasing pH trend estimated from 25-yr time series of carbonate parameters in the western North Pacific. Tellus B 62:649–659. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00474.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mino Y, Sukigara C, Kawakami H, Honda MC, Matsumoto K, Wakita M, Kitamura M, Fujiki T, Sasaoka K, Abe O, Kaiser J, Saino T (2016) Seasonal variations in the nitrogen isotopic composition of settling particles at station K2 in the western subarctic North Pacific. J Oceanogr. doi:10.1007/s10872-016-0381-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki M, Shiga N, Saito M, Imai K, Nojiri Y (2002) Seasonal changes in nutrients, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton assemblage of the western subarctic gyre in the Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res 49:5421–5440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moran XAG, Lopez-Urrutia A, Calvo-Diaz A, Li WKW (2010) Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in the warmer ocean. Glob Change Biol 16:1137–1144. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01960.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MR13-04 Preliminary cruise report (2013) http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/catalog/data/doc_catalog/media/MR13-04_all.pdf. Accessed 3 Apr 2017

  • Mucci A (1983) The solubility of calcite and aragonite in sea water at various salinities, temperatures and one atmosphere total pressure. Am J Sci 238:780–799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa H, Usui T, Koike I (2003) Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the East China Sea. Deep Sea Res II 50:353–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oka E, Qiu B (2012) Progress of North Pacific mode water research in the past decade. J Oceanogr 68:5–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono T, Midorikawa T, Watanabe YW, Tadokoro K, Saino T (2001) Temporal increases of phosphate and apparent oxygen utilization in the subsurface waters of western subarctic Pacific from 1968 and 1998. Geophys Res Lett 28:3285–3288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono T, Tadokoro K, Midorikawa T, Nishioka J, Saino T (2002) Multi-decadal decrease of net community produc-tion in western subarctic North Pacific. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2001GL014332

    Google Scholar 

  • Park GH, Wanninkhof R, Doney SC, Takahashi T, Lee K, Feely RA, Sabine CL, Trinanes J (2010) Variability of global net sea-air CO2 fluxes over the last three decades using empirical relationships. Tellus 62B:352–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierrot DEL, Wallace DWR (2006) MS Excel program developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy

  • Reid JLJr (1965) Intermediate waters of the Pacific Ocean. The Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies 2, p 85

  • Sabine CL, Feely RA, Gruber N, Key RM, Lee K, Bullister JL, Wanninkhof R, Wong CS, Wallace DWR, Rilbrook B, Millero FJ, Peng TH, Kozyr A, Ono T, Aida FR (2004) The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 305:367–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saino T, Bychkov A, Chen CTA, Harrison PJ (2002) The joint global ocean flux study in the North Pacific. Deep Sea Res II 49:5297–5301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarmiento JL, Gruber N (2006) Ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, p 503

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasai Y, Richards KJ, Ishida A, Sasaki H (2010) Effects of cyclonic mesoscale eddies on the marine ecosystem in the Kuroshio Extension region using an eddy-resolving coupled physical-biological model. Ocean Dyn 60(3):693–704. doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0264-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sasai Y, Yoshikawa C, Smith SL, Hashioka T, Matsumoto K, Wakita M, Sasaoka K, Honda MC (2016) Coupled 1-D physical-biological model study of phytoplankton production at two contrasting time series stations in the western North Pacific. J Oceanogr 72:509–526. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0341-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sathyendranath S, Stuart V, Nair A, Oka K, Nakane T, Bouman H, Forget MH, Maass H, Platt T (2009) Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio and growth rate of phytoplankton in the sea. Mar Ecol Prog Seri 383:73–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedwick PN, Sholkovitz ER, Church TM (2007) Impact of anthropogenic combustion emissions on the fractional solubility of aerosol iron: evidence from Sargasso Sea. Geochem Geophys Geosys 8: Q10Q06. doi:10.1029/2007GC001586

  • Shibano R, Yamanaka Y, Okada N, Chuda T, Suzuki S, Niino H, Toratani M (2011) Responses of marine ecosystem to typhoon passages in the western subtropical North Pacific. Geophys Res Lett 38:L18608. doi:10.1029/2011GL048717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sholkovitz ER, Sedwick PN, Church TM (2009) Influence of anthropogenic combustion emissions on the deposition of soluble aerosol iron to the ocean: empirical estimates for island sites in the North Atlantic. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73:3981–4003. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.04.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siswanto E, Ishizaka J, Yokouchi K, Tanaka K, Tan CK (2007) Estimation of interannual and interdecadal variations of typhoon-induced primary production: a case study for the outer shelf of the East China Sea. Geophys Res Lett 34:L03604. doi:10.1029/2006GL028368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siswanto E, Ishizaka J, Morimoto A, Tanaka K, Okamura K, Kristijono A, Saino T (2008) Ocean physical and biogeochemical responses to the passage of typhoon Meari in the East China Sea observed from Argo float and multiplatform satellites. Geophys Res Lett 35:L15604. doi:10.1029/2008GL035040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siswanto E, Matsumoto K, Fujiki T, Honda MC, Sasaoka K, Saino T (2015) Reappraisal of meridional differences of factors controlling phytoplankton biomass and initial increase preceding seasonal Bloom in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Remote Sens Environ 159:44–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siswanto E, Honda MC, Sasai Y, Sasaoka K, Saino T (2016a) Meridional and seasonal footprints of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on phytoplankton biomass in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. J Oceanogr 72:465–477. doi:10.1007/s10872-016-0367-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siswanto E, Honda MC, Matsumoto K, Sasai Y, Fujiki T, Sasaoka K, Saino T (2016b) Sixteen-year phytoplankton biomass trend in the northwestern Pacific Ocean observed by the SeaWiFS and MODIS ocean color sensors. J Oceanogr 72:479–489. doi:10.1007/s180872-016-0357-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SL (2011) Consistently modeling the combined effects of temperature and concentration on nitrate uptake in the ocean. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 116:G04020. doi:10.1029/2011JG001681

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohm JA, Webb EA, Capone DG (2011) Emerging patterns of marine nitrogen fixation. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:499–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg DK, Cope JS, Wilson SE, Kobari T (2008a) A comparison of mesopelagic mesozooplankton community structure in the subtropical and subarctic North Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 55:1615–1635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg DK, Van Mooy BAS, Buesseler KO, Boyd PW, Kobari T, Karl D (2008b) Bacteria vs. zooplankton control of sinking particle flux in the ocean’s twilight zone. Limnol Oceanogr 53:1327–1338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suga T, Hanawa K (1990) The mixed layer climatology in the northwestern part of the North Pacific subtropical gyre and the formation area of Subtropical Mode Water. J Mar Res 48:543–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timothy DA, Wong SC, Barwell-Clarke JE, Page JS, White LA, Macdonald RW (2013) Climatology of sediment flux and composition in the subarctic Northeast pacific Ocean with biogeochemical implications. Progr Oceanogr 116:95–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toratani M (2008) Primary production enhancement by typhoon Ketsana in 2003 in western North Pacific. SPIE Remote Sens Inland Coast Ocean. Waters. 7150. doi: 10.1117/12806426

  • Tsuda A, Takeda S, Saito H, Nishioka J, Nojiri Y, Kudo I, Kiyosawa H, Shiomoto A, Imai K, Ono T, Shimamoto A, Tsumune D, Yoshimura T, Aono T, Hinuma A, Kinugasa M, Suzuki K, Sohrin Y, Noiri Y, Tani H, Deguchi Y, Tsurushima N, Ogawa H, Fukami K, Kumaand K, Saino T (2003) A mesoscale iron enrichment in thewestern subarctic pacific induces large centric diatombloom. Science 300:958–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsurushima N, Nojiri Y, Imai K, Watanabe S (2002) Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide system and nutrients in the surface mixed layer at station KNOT (44°N, 155°E) in the subarctic western North Pacific. Deep Sea Res II 49:5377–5394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uchimiya M, Ogawa H, Nagata T (2016) Effects of temperature elevation and glucose addition on prokaryotic production and respiration in the mesopelagic layer of the western North Pacific. J Oceanogr 72:419–426. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0294-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uda M (1963) Oceanography of the subarctic Pacific Ocean. J Fish Res Board Can 20:119–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villareal TA, Adornato L, Wilson C, Schoenbaechler CA (2011) Summer blooms of diatom-diazotroph assemblages and surface chlorophyll in the North Pacific gyre: a disconnect. J Geophys Res: Oceans 116(C3):C03001. doi:10.1029/2010JC006268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volk T, Hoffert MI (1985) Ocean carbon pumps: Analysis of relative strengths and efficiencies in ocean-driven atmospheric CO2 changes. In: Sundquist ET, Broecker WS (eds) The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: natural variations archean to present, 32. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 99–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakita M, Watanabe S, Murata A, Tsurushima N, Honda MC (2010) Decadal change of dissolved inorganic carbon in the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean. Tellus B 62:608–620. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00476.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakita M, Watanabe S, Honda MC, Nagano A, Kimoto K, Matsumoto K, Kawakami H, Fujiki T, Kitamura M, Sasaki K, Sasaoka K, Nakano Y, Murata A (2013) Ocean acidification from 1997 to 2011 in the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences 10:7817–7827. doi:10.5194/bg-10-7817-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakita M, Honda MC, Matsumoto K, Fujiki T, Kawakami H, Yasunaka S, Sasai Y, Sukigara C, Uchimiya M, Kitamura M, Mino Y, Nagano A, Usui N, Watanabe S, Saino T (2016) Biological organic carbon export estimated from carbon budget in the surface water of western subarctic and subtropical North Pacific Ocean. J Oceanogr 72:665–685. doi:10.1007/s10872-016-0379-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe YW, Ono T, Shimamoto A, Sugimoto T, Wakita M, Watanabe S (2001) Probability of a reduction in the formation rate of the subsurface water in the North Pacific during the 1980s and 1990s. Geophys Res Lett 28:3289–3292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe YW, Shigemitsu M, Tadokoro K (2008) Evidence of a change in oceanic fixed nitrogen with decadal climate change in the North Pacific subpolar region. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01602. doi:10.1029/2007GL032188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe YW, Shigemitsu M, Ujiie T, Minami H (2014) Decadal shift of biogenic sinking particle flux in the western North Pacific subpolar region. Geophys Res Lett 41(2):513–518. doi:10.1002/2013GL059142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson S, Steinberg DK, Buesseler K (2008) Changes in fecal pellet characteristics with depth as indicators of zooplankton repackaging of particles in the mesopelagic zone of the subtropical and subarctic North Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 55:1636–1647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winn CD, Mackenzie FT, Carrillo CJ, Sabine CL, Karl DM (1994) Air-sea carbon dioxide exchange in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: implications for the global carbon budget. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 8(2):157–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong CS, Chan YH (1991) Temporal variations in the partial pressure and flux of CO2 at ocean station P in the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean. Tellus 43B:206–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong CS, Waser NAD, Nojiri Y, Whitney FA, Page JS, Zeng J (2002a) Seasonal cycles of nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon at high and mid latitudes in the North Pacific Ocean during Skaugran cruises: determination of new production and nutrient uptake ratios. Deep-Sea Res II 49:5317–5338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong CS, Waser NAD, Whitney FA, Johnson WK, Page JS (2002b) Time-series study of the biogeochemistry of the North East subarctic Pacific: reconciliation of the Corg/N remineralization and uptake ratios with the Redfield ratios. Deep Sea Res II 49:5717–5738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi H, Kawachi M (2013) Taxonomy and genome analysis of eukaryotic picophytoplankton originated from cryopreserved narine environmental specimens MR13-04 Preliminary Cruise Report, p 125–138. http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/catalog/data/doc_catalog/media/MR13-04_all.pdf. Accessed 3 Apr 2017

  • Yamaguchi A, Watanabe Y, Ishida H, Harimoto T, Furusawa K, Suzuki S, Ishizaka J, Ikeda T, Takahashi MM (2002) Structure and size distribution of plankton communities down to the grater depths in the western North Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 49:5513–5530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yokouchi K, Tsuda A, Kuwata A, Kawai H, Ichikawa T, Hirota Y, Adachi K, Asanuma I, Ishida H (2007) Simulated in situ measurements of primary production in Japanese waters. In: Kawahata H, Awaya Y (eds) Elsevier Oceanography Series 73, Global climate change and response of carbon cycle in the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans and adjacent landmasses, Elsevier science, Amsterdam, pp 65–88

  • Yoshikawa C, Abe H, Aita MN, Breider F, Kuzunuki K, Toyoda S, Ogawa NO, Suga H, Ohkouchi N, Danielache SO, Wakita M, Honda MC, Yoshida N (2016) Insights into the production processes of nitrous oxide in the western north Pacific by using a marine ecosystem isotopomer model. J Oceanogr 72:491–508. doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0308-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng J, Nojiri Y, Murphy PP, Wong CS, Fujinuma Y (2002) A comparison of ΔpCO2 distributions in the northern North Pacific using results from a commercial vessel in 1995–1999. Deep Sea Res II 49:5303–5315

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Owing to cooperative multidisciplinary research with scientists from various fields, a great synergy of effects was obtained. We acknowledge all of the scientists and students who participated in this project. During the K2S1 project cruises, sea conditions were not always calm. However, most of the scientific cruises and onboard observations were conducted successfully and safely with limited ship time. We appreciate the captains, ship crews, and marine technicians from the Global Ocean Development Incorporation (GODI) and Marine Works Japan Ltd (MWJ) for their dedicated and enthusiastic support. We deeply appreciate anonymous reviewers and guest editors of the K2S1 special issue including Drs. Joji Ishizaka, Hiroaki Saito and Eitarou Oka.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan

    Makio C. Honda, Masahide Wakita, Kazuhiko Matsumoto, Tetsuichi Fujiki, Eko Siswanto, Kosei Sasaoka, Hajime Kawakami, Minoru Kitamura, Yoshikazu Sasai, Sherwood L. Smith, Taketo Hashioka, Chisato Yoshikawa, Katsunori Kimoto & Shuichi Watanabe

  2. Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    Yoshihisa Mino, Chiho Sukigara & Osamu Abe

  3. Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Shimoarata, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan

    Toru Kobari

  4. The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan

    Toshi Nagata, Koji Hamasaki, Ryo Kaneko & Hideki Fukuda

  5. RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan

    Mario Uchimiya

Authors
  1. Makio C. Honda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Masahide Wakita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kazuhiko Matsumoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tetsuichi Fujiki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Eko Siswanto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kosei Sasaoka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hajime Kawakami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yoshihisa Mino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Chiho Sukigara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Minoru Kitamura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Yoshikazu Sasai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Sherwood L. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Taketo Hashioka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Chisato Yoshikawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Katsunori Kimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Shuichi Watanabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Toru Kobari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Toshi Nagata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Koji Hamasaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Ryo Kaneko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Mario Uchimiya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Hideki Fukuda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Osamu Abe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Toshiro Saino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Makio C. Honda.

Additional information

Deceased: Toshiro Saino.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOC 98 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Honda, M.C., Wakita, M., Matsumoto, K. et al. Comparison of carbon cycle between the western Pacific subarctic and subtropical time-series stations: highlights of the K2S1 project. J Oceanogr 73, 647–667 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0423-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0423-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation