Abstract
Nanoparticles of palladium-doped cerium oxide (Pd–CeO2) have been prepared by aqueous co-precipitation resulting in a single phase cubic structure after calcination according to X-ray diffraction (XRD). Inhomogeneous strain, calculated using the Williamson–Hall method, was found to increase with palladium content, and the lattice contracts slightly, relative to nano-cerium oxide, as palladium content is increased. Moreover, high resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals some instances of defective microstructure. These factors combined imply that palladium is in solid solution with CeO2 in these nanoparticles, but palladium (II) oxide (PdO) peaks in the Raman spectra indicate that solid solution formation is partial and that highly dispersed PdO is present as well as the solid solution. Nevertheless, the addition of palladium to the CeO2 lattice inhibits the growth of the 6% Pd–CeO2 particles compared to pure CeO2 between 600 and 850 °C. Activation energies for grain growth of 54 ± 7 and 79 ± 8 kJ/mol were determined for 6% Pd–CeO2 and pure CeO2, respectively, along with pre-exponential Arrhenius factors of 10 for the doped sample and 600 for pure cerium oxide.
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Abbreviations
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- TWC:
-
Three-way catalyst
- Ceria:
-
Cerium oxide
- Zirconia:
-
Zirconium oxide
- PGM:
-
Platinum group metals
- HMT:
-
Hexamethylenetetramine
- ICP–OES:
-
Ion-coupled plasma/optical emission spectrometry
- FWHM:
-
Full-width at half-maximum
- CCD:
-
Charge coupled device
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- HRTEM:
-
High resolution transmission electron microscopy
- BNL:
-
Brookhaven National Laboratory
- XANES:
-
X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy
- I.C.D.D.:
-
International Centre for Diffraction Data
- E a :
-
Activation energy
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of BASF, the Department of Energy under Award Number DOE DE-FG02-05ER15730, and the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) Program of the National Science Foundation (# DMR-0213574). Research carried out in part at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.
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Liang, H., Raitano, J.M., He, G. et al. Aqueous co-precipitation of Pd-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles: chemistry, structure, and particle growth. J Mater Sci 47, 299–307 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5798-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5798-8