Abstract
Composite material has attracted increasingly remarked interest over the last few decades and set it apart in its own class due to its distinct properties. World annual production is over 10 million tonnes and the market has in recent years been growing at 5–10% per annum. Among these materials, one subgroup, conductive polymer composite, has figured out and its importance is increasing in years to come. When used as conductive material, it possesses the merits of light weight, ease of manufacturing and chemical resistance. This review focuses on the electrical properties of carbon based conductive polymer composites. Special emphases are placed on the percolation phenomenon, the factors that affect the percolation threshold as well as related theoretical research work. Then mechanisms of electric conduction and factors influencing conductive properties are addressed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Narkis M, Zilberman M, Siegmann A (1997) Polym Adv Technol 8:525
Frydman E (1948) UK Patent 604695, 8
Scarisbrick RM (1973) J Phys D: Appl Phys 6:2098
Xiao AY, Tong QK, Savoca AC, Van Oosten H (2001) IEEE Trans Compon Pack Technol 24:445
Fujitani T (Osaka), Matsuoka K (Tondabayashi) (1981) US4258100, Mar. 24
De SK, White JR (1996) Short fibre-polymer composites. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge England, p 182
Norman RH (1970) Conductive rubbers and plastics. Elsevier Publishing Company Limited, Amsterdam, p 224
Flandin L, Brechet Y, Cavaille JY (2001) Compos Sci Technol 61:895
Wang X, Chung DDL (1998) Sensor Actuator A 71:208
Norman RH (1970) Conductive rubbers and plastics. Elsevier Publishing Company Limited, Amsterdam, p 3
Gul VYe, Maizel NS, Kamenskii AN, Fodiman NM (1962) Vysokomol Siyed 4:642 (Transl. Polymer Sci. USSR)
Chung KT, Sabo A, Pica AP (1982) J Appl Phys 53:6867
Mohanraj GT, Chaki TK, Chakraborty A, Khastgir D (2004) J Appl Polym Sci 92:2179
Smuckler JH, Finnerty PM (1974) Adv Chem Ser 134:171
Verhelst WF, Wolthuis KG, Voet A, Ehrburger P, Donnet JB (1977) Rubber Chem Technol 50:735
Miyasaka K, Watanabe K, Jojima E, Aida H, Sumita M, Ishikawa K (1982) J Mater Sci 17:1610
Kitazaki Y, Hata T (1973) J Adhesion Soc Jpn 8:131
Johnson KL, Kendall K, Robert AD (1971) Proc R Soc London 324:301
Foulger SH (1999) J Polym Sci: Part B: Polym Phys 37:1899
Blythe AR (1979) Electrical properties of polymers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Van Krevelen DW (1990) Properties of polymers, 3rd edn. Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam
Sau KP, Chaki TK, Khastgir D (1998) Polymer 39:6461
Sau KP, Chaki TK, Khastgir D (1997) J Mater Sci 32:5717
Narkis M, Vaxman A (1984) J Appl Polym Sci 29:1639
Klason C, Kubat J (1975) J Appl Polym Sci 19:831
Gubbels F, Jerome R, Teyssie Ph, Vanlathem E, Deltour R, Calderone A, Parente V, Breads JL (1994) Macromolecules 27:1972
Gubbels F, Blacher S, Vanlathem E, Jerome R, Deltour R, Brouers F, Teyssie Ph (1995) Macromolecules 28:1559
Narkis M, Tchoudakov R, Breuer O (1995) In: Conference processing of ANTEC, 2, p 1343
Tchoudakov R, Breuer O, Narkis M (1996) Polym Eng Sci 36:1336
Feng J, Chan CM (2000) Polymer 41:4559
Sau KP, Khastgir D, Chaki TK (1998) Die Angew Makromol Chem (Appl Macromol Chem Phys) 258:11
Pramanik PK, Khastgir D, Saha TN (1992) Composite 23:183
Asada T (1985) Nippon Gumu Kyokaishi (Manufacturer: Society Rubber Industry) 58:572
Flandin L, Chang A, Nazarenko D, Hiltner A, Baer E (2000) J Appl Polym Sci 76:894
Mrozowsk S (1958) In: Proc. 3rd conf. on carbon. Pergamon, New York, p 205
Kirkpatrick S (1973) Rev Mod Phys 45:574
Nakamura S, Minami T, Sawa G, Kitagawa K (1997) In: Conference of electrical insulation and dielectric phenomena, Oct 19–22, p 201
Stauffer D (1987) Introduction to percolation theory. Talyor and Francis, London, p 89
Balberg I, Bozowski S (1982) Solid State Commun 44:551
Stinchcombe RB (1974) J Phys C: Proc Phys Soc 7:179
Abeles B, Pinch HL, Gittleman JI (1975) Phys Rev Lett 35:247
Stuffer D (1979) Phys Rep (Rev Sect Phys Lett) 54:1
Clerc JP, Girand G, Laugier JM, Luck JM (1990) Adv Phys 39:191
Carmona F, Prudhon P, Barreau F (1984) Solid State Commun 51:255
Levon K, Margolina A, Patashinsky AZ (1993) Macromolecules 26:4061
Stauffer D, Aharomy A (1992) Introduction to percolation theory. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London
Maxwell JC (1881) A treatise on electricity and magnetism. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 435
Bruggeman DAG (1935) Ann Phys 24:636
Beek LK (1962) J Appl Polym Sci 6:24
Poly MH, Boonstra BBBT (1957) Rubber Chem Technol 30:170
Van Beek LKH (1962) J Appl Polym Sci 24:651
Van Beek LKH, Van Pul BICF (1964) Carbon 2:121
Sheng P, Sichel EK, Gittleman JI (1978) Phys Rev Lett 40:1197
Sichel EK, Gittleman JI, Sheng P (1978) Phys Rev B 18:5712
Cardon de Lichtbuer PM (1976) Solid State Commun 19:127
Fletcher R (1977) Solid State Commun 21:1139
Connor MT, Roy S, Ezquerra TA, Balta Calleja FJ (1998) Phys Rev B 57:2286
Solymar L, Walsh D (1984) Lectures on the electrical properties of materials, 3rd edn. Oxford University, London, p 112
Balta Calleja FJ, Ezquetva TA, Rueda DR (1984) J Mater Res 3:165
Grekila RB, Tein TY (1965) J Am Ceram Soc 48:22
Flory PJ (1953) Principles of polymer chemistry. Cornell UP, Ithaca
Gibbs JH, Di Marzio EA (1958) J Chem Phys 28:373
Di Marzio EA, Gibbs JH (1958) J Chem Phys 28:807
Bernal JD (1964) Proc R Soc A 280:299
Pramanik PK, Khastagir D, De SK, Saha TN (1990) J Mater Sci 25:3848
Pramanik PK, Khastagir D, De SK, Saha TN (1991) Plastics Rubber Compos Process Appl 15:189
Pramanik PK, Khastagir D (1993) J Mater Sci 28:3539
Norman RH (1970) Conductive rubbers and plastics. Elsevier Publishing Company Limited, Amsterdam, p 53
Abdel-bary EM (1977) J Polym Sci: Polym Chem Ed. 15:197
Doak KW (1955) Rubber Chem Technol 28:895
Martin BJA, Parkinson D (1955) Rubber Chem Technol 28:261
Agari Y, Ueda A, Nagai S (1991) J Appl Polym Sci 42:1665
Jana PB, Chaudhuri S, Pal AK, De SK (1992) Polym Eng Sci 32:448
Gul VYe, Maizel NS, Kamenskii AN, Fodiman NM (1962) Vysokomol Siyed 4:649 (Transl Polymer Sci USSR)
Nasr GM, Amin M, Osman HM, Badawy MM (1989) J Appl Polym Sci 37:1327
Slupkowski T (1986) Int Polym Sci Technol 13:T/80
Grinblat MP, Vasileva EB, Rozova NI (1987) Int Polym Sci Technol 14:1987
Norman RH (1970) Conductive rubbers and plastics. Elsevier Publishing Company Limited, Amsterdam
Balta Calleja FJ, Bayer RK, Ezquerra TA (1988) J Mater Sci 23:1411
Sircar AK, Lamond TG (1978) Rubber Chem Technol 51:126
Medalia A (1986) Rubber Chem Technol 59:432
Abdel-Bary EM (1979) J Polym Sci: Polym Chem Ed 17:2163
Amin M, Nasr GM, Sobhy MS (1991) J Mater Sci 26:4615
Bueche F (1973) J Appl Phys 44:532
Feller JF, Linossier I, Levesque G (2002) Polym Adv Technol 13:714
Narkis M, Ram A, Stein Z (1981) Polym Eng Sci 21:1049
Zhang W, Blackburn RS, Dehghani-Sanij AA (2007) Scripta Mater 56:581
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank The UK Government (Overseas Research Scholarship Awards Scheme) and The University of Leeds (Tetley and Lupton Scholarships) for the provision of a PhD scholarship to one of us (Wei Zhang).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, W., Dehghani-Sanij, A.A. & Blackburn, R.S. Carbon based conductive polymer composites. J Mater Sci 42, 3408–3418 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1688-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1688-5