Abstract
The bush-cricket genus Lluciapomaresius Barat, 2012 is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It includes at least seven species, most of which are narrow endemics restricted to single or few mountain ranges across the Peninsula. All of them are currently included under different categories in the IUCN red list. One of the species listed as data deficient is Pantel’s Saddle Bush-cricket L. panteli (Navàs 1899), an iconic species of the Montsant Natural Park. Up to now, it was thought to be restricted to few square kilometres in the Montsant range, in southern Catalonia (north-east Iberian Peninsula). The species was at some point suspected extinct, but it was rediscovered in 2000. More recently, a new species, L. nisae Olmo-Vidal 2017, was described based on specimens found in neighbouring Llaberia range, about 20 km south from Montsant. In this study, we present new data based on a systematic sampling of Lluciapomaresius across known and nearby locations in Montsant, Llaberia and surrounding ranges. The records and collected specimens allow us to provide a better delimitation of the actual distribution range and to conduct a detailed morphological study to shed light on the degree of differentiation of populations in different parts of the range, further supported by DNA sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Our results show that L. nisae is a synonym of L. panteli as judged by the small genetic and morphological variability, better interpreted as the result of local differentiation of populations following post-glacial isolation. We further confirm the extremely small ranges and isolation of the Lluciapomaresius populations and propose to move the species towards the EN (endangered) category in the IUCN Red List. Additional research on the still unknown aspects of its biology and ecology is needed to implement reasoned and effective conservation measures that ensure its survival.
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Acknowledgements
We are indebted to Neus Miró and David Iturria for their support and to all the people who contributed sightings of Pantel’s Saddle Bush-cricket, especially the volunteers who participated in the fieldwork. Additional thanks to Pedro Cardoso for his help in running the R analysis. We would also like to thank Glòria Masó for her kindness to let us study the holotype of L. niase and provide us with photographs. This work has been funded by the Diputació de Tarragona with Grants 8004330008-2016-0005574 and 8004330008-2017-0001118. Funding for molecular studies was provided by project 2014SGR1604 from the Catalan Government.
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To obtain the data presented in the manuscript it has been necessary to involve animals. These have been used either for measuring morphometric characters or for molecular analysis of DNA. I declare that, despite invertebrates not being included in the current legislation on the protection of animals in scientific research, we have followed the regulations established in the Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 22 September 2010, on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, as well as in the Real Decreto 53/2013, de 1 de febrero, por el que se establecen las normas básicas aplicables para la protección de los animales utilizados en experimentación y otros fines científicos, incluyendo la docencia. That means that we have followed, when possible, the ‘Three Rs’ rules enshrined in these documents: to refine the procedures so that the degree of suffering is kept to a minimum. To reduce the number of animals used in research to the minimum required for meaningful results. To replace the use of live animals by non-animal alternatives. The application of these rules in our particular research has entailed the following: (1) To comply with the first ‘R’ (refinement): (a) Biometric measurements have been carried out by means of an innovative procedure based on a calibrated imaging system, avoiding any manipulation which could lead to stress and suffering. This procedure involves only a slight anaesthesia followed by several photographs and the releasing of the individual in the location where it was collected and (b) The individuals used for molecular analyses have been euthanized after anaesthesia, because although the procedure can be performed on a separate member of the animal we have considered that this could cause stress and suffering when the mutilated individual was released in the environment. (2) To comply with the second ‘R’ (reduction): the number of euthanized animals has been the minimum to achieve significant results through its DNA analysis. In fact, for some populations the number of individuals used has been even smaller because we were not able to collect more specimens. (3) It has not been possible to comply with the third ‘R’ (replacement) as a consequence of the nature of the research.
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Solé, J., Arnedo, M.A., Barat, J. et al. Range, population structure and morphological characterization of the small range endemic bush-cricket Lluciapomaresius panteli (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae). J Insect Conserv 22, 659–674 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-018-0092-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-018-0092-6