Abstract
Teachers have the largest school-based influence on student learning, yet there is little research on how instructional practice is systematically distributed within tracking systems. We examine whether teaching practice varies significantly across track levels and, if so, which aspects of instructional practice differ systematically. Using multilevel modeling, we find that teachers of low track classrooms provided significantly less emotional support, organizational support, and instructional support to students in their classes than did teachers of high track classrooms. Mathematics classes were also observed to have higher quality instructional support for both content understanding and analysis and problem solving than English classes. We develop cases illustrating how small but significant differences in instructional quality are associated with substantially diverging lived experiences for students in high and low track classes.
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Notes
Teachers were reluctant to share information that might be used to identify them within their departments. A small portion of teachers (22 %) agreed to provide us with demographic data. In this subsample, 91 % of teachers were certified and 82 % held a master’s degree or higher. Those without a master’s degree or certification were clustered in one rural district and were evenly distributed across content area and track assignments.
CLASS protocols are designed to assess similar constructs across the span of developmental stages from early childhood development through secondary school. At the time of data collection, the CLASS-S protocol was being piloted by the developers. However, the instrument has been validated at the K-3 level and domain scores are significantly related to student achievement and other key student outcomes (Ansalone 2010; Ponitz et al. 2009).
Although double-scoring lessons has been demonstrated to increase the stability of observation ratings, this was not feasible given the scope of the live observations in the study.
According to the official certification training, observers may still be considered reliable when they are one point (on a seven-point scale) away from a master coder’s rating in either direction.
The CLASS-S measures positive climate and negative climate as two separate constructs, rather than as opposite ends of a single spectrum. A classroom can exhibit a highly positive climate in terms of relationships, positive teacher and student affect, positive communications, and respect. At the same time, that classroom may display one or more indicators of negative climate, such as an inappropriately sarcastic comment from the teacher, punitive control of students, or other signs of disrespect. According to the CLASS-S, any instance of negative climate is automatically reflected in an imperfect negative climate score.
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Donaldson, M.L., LeChasseur, K. & Mayer, A. Tracking instructional quality across secondary mathematics and English Language Arts classes. J Educ Change 18, 183–207 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-015-9269-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-015-9269-x