Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parent-Professional Alliance and Outcomes of Child, Parent, and Family Treatment: A Systematic Review

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review systematically explored research examining the relation between parent-professional alliance and outcomes of psychosocial treatments provided to children, and their parents and families. Study findings and methodological characteristics were reviewed to investigate the evidence linking the alliance between parents and professionals to outcomes of child, parent, and family treatment as well as to identify factors that may influence the alliance-outcome association. A systematic review of the literature was conducted that included a search of three electronic databases using specified search terms, followed by a hand search to identify relevant studies. A total of 46 studies (37 published articles and 9 unpublished dissertations) met inclusion criteria. Overall, the findings indicated that higher levels of parent-professional alliance were significantly associated with improved clinical outcomes and stronger treatment engagement. However, some studies found that the parent-professional alliance was not significantly related to clinical outcomes or treatment engagement, and a few studies showed that higher levels of alliance were related to less positive clinical outcomes and lower levels of treatment engagement. Several theoretical (problem type, child age, parent sex) and methodological (source and timing of alliance measurement, alliance-outcome informants, outcome domain, timing of outcome measurement) factors were identified that could influence the alliance-outcome association. Together, our findings emphasize the importance of alliance awareness when working with parents as well as a need for future studies to investigate factors influencing the quality of the parent-professional alliance and alliance-outcome association in child, parent, and family treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the systematic review.

  • *Accurso, E. C., Hawley, K. M., & Garland, A. F. (2013). Psychometric properties of the therapeutic alliance scale for caregivers and parents. Psychological Assessment, 25, 244–252. doi:10.1037/a0030551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Anderson, R. E. E., Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Prosser, S., & Kenardy, J. (2012). Working alliance in online cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders in youth: Comparison with clinic delivery and its role in predicting outcome. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14, 86–101. doi:10.2196/jmir.1848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Becker, T. (2011). Effectiveness of parent call-in versus e-counseling services intreating pediatric behavior problems uncovered in a primary care medical encounter. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 73(2), 1239.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Bickman, L., De Andrade, A. R. V., Athay, M. M., Chen, J. I., De Nadai, A. S., Jordan-Arthur, B. L., & Karver, M. S. (2012). The relationship between change in therapeutic alliance ratings and improvement in youth symptom severity: Whose ratings matter the most? Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 39, 78–89. doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0398-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16, 252–260. doi:10.1037/h0085885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Canning, J. J. (1997). The effect of family support on the working alliance in psychotherapy with psychiatrically disturbed parents. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 58(8), 3306.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Chaffin, M., & Bard, D. (2011). Changes in parental depression symptoms during family preservation services. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 448–458. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Chaffin, M., Bard, D., Bigfoot, D. S., & Maher, E. J. (2012). Is a structured, manualized, evidence-based treatment protocol culturally competent and equivalently effective among American Indian parents in child welfare? Child Maltreatment, 17, 242–252. doi:10.1177/1077559512457239.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. E., & Samnaliev, M. (2005). Psychosocial treatment in the 21st century. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28, 532–544. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2005.08.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Davis, N. O. (2007). Working alliance and maternal psychological functioning: Mothers raising toddlers with autism. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 69(1), 671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, G. M., Liddle, H. A., Hogue, A., & Dakof, G. A. (1999). Alliance-building interventions with adolescents in family therapy: A process study. Psychotherapy, 36, 355–368. doi:10.1037/h0087729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Eder, L. E. (2003). The impact of the mother’s attitudes and her relationship with her child’s therapist on the development of the working alliance and successful outcome with the adolescent client. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 64(4), 1898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elvins, R., & Green, J. (2008). The conceptualization and measurement of therapeutic alliance: An empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1167–1187. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • England, M. J., Butler, A. S., & Gonzalez, M. L. (2015). Introduction. In Committee on Developing Evidence-Based Standards for Psychological Interventions for Mental Disorders, Board on Health Sciences Policy, & Institute of Medicine (Eds.), Psychosocial interventions for mental and substance use disorders: A framework for establishing evidence-based standards (pp. 21–46). Washington, DC: The National Academies. doi:10.17226/19013.

  • *Forsberg, S., LoTempio, E., Bryson, S., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Le Grange, D., & Lock, J. (2014). Parent-therapist alliance in family-based treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 22, 53–58. doi:10.1002/erv.2242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., Heatherington, L., & Diamond, G. M. (2011). Alliance in couple and family therapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 25–33. doi:10.1037/a0022060.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., Horvath, A. O., Heatherington, L., Cabero, A., & Martens, M. P. (2006). System for observing family therapy alliances: A tool for research and practice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 214–224. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Friedlander, M. L., Kivlighan, D. M., & Shaffer, K. S. (2012). Exploring actor-partner interdependence in family therapy: Whose view (parent or adolescent) best predicts treatment progress? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 168–175. doi:10.1037/a0024199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Garland, A. F., Haine-Schlagel, R., Accurso, E. C., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., & Brookman-Frazee, L. (2012). Exploring the effect of therapists’ treatment practices on client attendance in community-based care for children. Psychological Services, 9, 74–88. doi:10.1037/a0027098.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Gatta, M., Spoto, A., Svanellini, L., Lai, J., Toldo, I., Testa, C. P., & Battistella, P. A. (2012). Alliance with patient and collaboration with parents throughout the psychotherapeutic process with children and adolescents: A pilot study. Journal of Psychopathology, 18, 28–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Girvin, H., DePanfilis, D., & Daining, C. (2007). Predicting program completion among families enrolled in a child neglect preventive intervention. Research on Social Work Practice, 17, 674–685. doi:10.1177/1049731507300285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granic, I., & Hollenstein, T. (2003). Dynamic systems methods for models of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 641–669. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Granic, I., Otten, R., Blokland, K., Solomon, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Ferguson, B. (2012). Maternal depression mediates the link between therapeutic alliance and improvements in adolescent externalizing behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 880–885. doi:10.1037/a0030716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Green, J., Jacobs, B., Beecham, J., Dunn, G., Kroll, L., Tobias, C., & Briskman, J. (2007). Inpatient treatment in child and adolescent psychiatry: A prospective study of health gain and costs. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1259–1267. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01802.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Green, J., Kroll, L., Imrie, D., Frances, F. M., Begum, K., Harrison, L., & Anson, R. (2001). Health gain and outcome predictors during inpatient and related day treatment in child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 325–332. doi:10.1097/00004583-200103000-00012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Guzder, J., Bond, S., Rabiau, M., Zelkowitz, P., & Rohar, S. (2011). The relationship between alliance, attachment and outcome in a child multi-modal treatment population: Pilot study. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20, 196–202.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haine-Schlagel, R., & Walsh, N. E. (2015). A review of parent participation engagement in child and family mental health treatment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 133–150. doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0182-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Harvey, S. (2008). An initial look at the outcomes for dynamic play therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 17, 86–101. doi:10.1037/a0013663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Hawley, K. M., & Garland, A. F. (2008). Working alliance in adolescent outpatient therapy: Youth, parent and therapist reports and associations with therapy outcomes. Child & Youth Care Forum, 37, 59–74. doi:10.1007/s10566-008-9050-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Hawley, K. M., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Youth versus parent working alliance in usual clinical care: Distinctive associations with retention, satisfaction, and treatment outcome. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 117–128. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Hogue, A., Dauber, S., Stambaugh, L. F., Cecero, J. J., & Liddle, H. A. (2006). Early therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome in individual and family therapy for adolescent behavior problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 121–129. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, A. O., & Bedi, R. P. (2002). The alliance. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work. Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 37–69). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 9–16. doi:10.1037/a0022186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223–233. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, A. O., & Luborsky, L. (1993). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 561–573. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.4.561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubble, M. A., Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., & Wampold, B. E. (2010). Introduction. In B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller, B. E. Wampold, & M. A. Hubble (Eds.), The heart and soul of change. Delivering what works in therapy (pp. 23–46). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • *Hukkelberg, S. S., & Ogden, T. (2013). Working alliance and treatment fidelity as predictors of externalizing problem behaviors in parent management training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 1010–1020. doi:10.1037/a0033825.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Isserlin, L., & Couturier, J. (2012). Therapeutic alliance and family-based treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Psychotherapy, 49, 46–51. doi:10.1037/a0023905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Johnson, L. N., Wright, D. W., & Ketring, S. A. (2002). The therapeutic alliance in home-based family therapy: Is it predictive of outcome? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 28, 93–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Holland, L., & Crowley, M. (1997). Family experience of barriers to treatment and premature termination from child therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 453–463. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.3.453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Kazdin, A. E., Marciano, P. L., & Whitley, M. K. (2005). The therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral treatment of children referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 726–730. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.4.726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Siegel, T. C., & Bass, D. (1990). Drawing on clinical practice to inform research on child and adolescent psychotherapy: Survey of practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 189–198. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.21.3.189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2006). Pretreatment social relations, therapeutic alliance, and improvements in parenting practices in parent management training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 346–355. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Kazdin, A. E., Whitley, M., & Marciano, P. L. (2006). Child-therapist and parent-therapist alliance and therapeutic change in the treatment of children referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 436–445. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01475.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Keeley, M. L., Geffken, G. R., Ricketts, E., McNamara, J. P. H., & Storch, E. A. (2011). The therapeutic alliance in the cognitive behavioral treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 855–863. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Korfmacher, J., Green, B., Spellman, M., & Thornburg, K. R. (2007). The helping relationship and program participation in early childhood home visiting. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28, 459–480. doi:10.1002/imhj.20148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroll, L., & Green, J. M. (1997). Therapeutic alliance in inpatient child treatment: Development and initial validation of a family engagement questionnaire. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2, 431–447. doi:10.1177/1359104597023009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Lerner, M. D., Mikami, A. Y., & McLeod, B. D. (2011). The alliance in a friendship coaching intervention for parents of children with ADHD. Behavior Therapy, 42, 449–461. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.11.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. D. (2000). The promise of dynamic systems approaches for an integrated account of human development. Child Development, 71, 36–43. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 438–450. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M., & Bannon, W. M. (2004). Engaging families in child mental health services. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13, 905–921. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.04.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, B. D. (2011). Relation of the alliance with outcomes in youth psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 603–616. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, B. D., & Weisz, J. R. (2004). Using dissertations to examine potential bias in child and adolescent clinical trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 235–251. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *McLeod, B. D., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). The therapy process observational coding system-alliance scale: Measure characteristics and prediction of outcome in usual clinical practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 323–333. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56, 289–302. doi:10.2307/1129720.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6, 1–6. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Myers, S. J. (2008). Relationship between the consultant-parent working alliance and ratings of the consultation process with parents of children having autism spectrum disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 69(6), 2222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C. (2010). The therapeutic relationship. In B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller, B. E. Wampold, & M. A. Hubble (Eds.), The heart and soul of change. Delivering what works in therapy (pp. 113–141). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • *Pereira, T., Lock, J., & Oggins, J. (2006). Role of therapeutic alliance in family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 677–684. doi:10.1002/eat.20303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinsof, W. B. (1994). An integrative systems perspective on the therapeutic alliance: Theoretical, clinical, and research implications. In A. O. Horvath, & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 173–195). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, J., & Young, T. (1997). Development of a helping relationship inventory for social work practice. Research on Social Work Practice, 7, 463–489. doi:10.1177/104973159700700403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remschmidt, H., & Belfer, M. (2005). Mental health care for children and adolescents worldwide: A review. World Psychiatry, 4, 147–153.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Robbins, M. S., Liddle, H. A., Turner, C. W., Dakof, G. A., Alexander, J. F., & Kogan, S. M. (2006). Adolescent and parent therapeutic alliances as predictors of dropout in multidimensional family therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 108–116. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Robbins, M. S., Mayorga, C. C., Mitrani, V. B., Szapocznik, J., Turner, C. W., & Alexander, J. F. (2008). Adolescent and parent alliances with therapists in brief strategic family therapy with drug-using hispanic adolescents. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 316–328. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00075.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Robbins, M. S., Turner, C. W., Alexander, J. F., & Perez, G. A. (2003). Alliance and dropout in family therapy for adolescents with behavior problems: Individual and systemic effects. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 534–544. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638–641. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A., Aloa, V., Feder, T., Glover, A., Miller, H., & Palmer, G. (1998). Sex-based differences in parenting styles in a sample with preschool children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 50, 89–99. doi:10.1080/00049539808257539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Santos, R. G. (2005). Effectiveness of early intervention for infants and their families: Relating the working alliance to program outcomes. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 66(10), 5714.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Sapyta, J. J. (2006). Evaluating therapeutic alliance longitudinally: Describing therapeutic alliance growth and its implications for outcomes. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 72(3), 1805.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Schmidt, F., Chomycz, S., Houlding, C., Kruse, A., & Franks, J. (2014). The association between therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in a group triple P intervention. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1337–1350. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9792-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Schrag, R. D. A. (2005). An investigation of the role of the therapeutic relationship in premature termination of treatment for conduct disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 66(5), 2840.

    Google Scholar 

  • *Shelef, K., & Diamond, G. M. (2008). Short form of the revised vanderbilt therapeutic alliance scale: Development, reliability, and validity. Psychotherapy Research, 18, 433–443. doi:10.1080/10503300701810801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Shelef, K., Diamond, G. M., Diamond, G. S., & Liddle, H. A. (2005). Adolescent and parent alliance and treatment outcome in multidimensional family therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 689–698. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.4.689.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirk, S. R., Karver, M. S., & Brown, R. (2011). The alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 17–24. doi:10.1037/a0022181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirk, S. R., & Saiz, C. C. (1992). Clinical, empirical, and developmental perspectives on the therapeutic relationship in child psychotherapy. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 713–728. doi:10.1017/S0954579400004946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Smith, R. (2010). The impact of therapeutic alliance on outcomes in parent-child dyadic interventions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 72(1), 515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. E. M., Msetfi, R. M., & Golding, L. (2010). Client self rated adult attachment patterns and the therapeutic alliance: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 326–337. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahmer, A. C., Hurlburt, M., Horwitz, S. M., Landsverk, J., Zhang, J., & Leslie, L. K. (2009). Associations between intensity of child welfare involvement and child development among young children in child welfare. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 598–611. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.07.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Netherlands (CBS) (2016). Jeugdhulp 2015. https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/publicatie/2016/17/jeugdhulp-2015. Accessed on 8 April 2016.

  • *The Multisite Violence Prevention Project. (2014). Implementation and process effects on prevention outcomes for middle school students. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 473–485. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.814540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 207–210. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Trute, B., & Hiebert-Murphy, D. (2007). The implications of working alliance for the measurement and evaluation of family-centered practice in childhood disability services. Infants & Young Children, 20, 109–119. doi:10.1097/01.IYC.0000264479.50817.4b.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittkowski, A., Dowling, H., & Smith, D. M. (2016). Does engaging in a group-based intervention increase parental self-efficacy in parents of preschool children? A systematic review of the current literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0464-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre for Social Support and Community Care, HAN University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 6960, 6503, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Marieke de Greef, Huub M. Pijnenburg & Marion J. C. van Hattum

  2. Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Marieke de Greef & Ron H. J. Scholte

  3. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States

    Bryce D. McLeod

  4. Praktikon, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Ron H. J. Scholte

Authors
  1. Marieke de Greef
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huub M. Pijnenburg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marion J. C. van Hattum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bryce D. McLeod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ron H. J. Scholte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marieke de Greef.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

For this type of study formal consent is not required.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Greef, M., Pijnenburg, H.M., van Hattum, M.J.C. et al. Parent-Professional Alliance and Outcomes of Child, Parent, and Family Treatment: A Systematic Review. J Child Fam Stud 26, 961–976 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0620-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0620-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation