Abstract
The effect of simultaneous tunneling events in single electronics is discussed. Single-electron circuits are classified into two types: small circuits with one island, and large circuits with multi-island systems. Simulations for each type are compared with theoretical and experimental results. Analytic equations for two tunnel junctions in series, as presented by the founders of the phenomenon (Averin and Nazarov in Single Charge Tunneling, pp. 217–248, 1992), and data measured from single-electron transistors are used to verify the co-tunneling current computations for small circuits. For the large circuit type, the results of our Minoufiya University Single Electronics Simulator (MUSES) for the outputs of a single-electron (SE) decimal-to-binary coded decimal (BCD) encoder with 16 islands are compared with the results of the widely accepted nanostructure simulator SIMON. Comparison of the simulation results with measured data for real large single-electron circuits is not possible as such circuits have not yet been manufactured. Thus, to validate these computations, we use a novel multi-island circuit designed specifically to model the emission from a hydrogen atom, comparing the MUSES computations for the photoresponse energies of the equivalent circuit for the hydrogen atom with the measured line intensities of the hydrogen spectrum. Moreover, simulation running times are considered for both co-tunneling and first-order tunneling.
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The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their fruitful comments. They are also grateful to Eng. EL-Saeed EL-Kest for his continuous support.
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Elabd, A.A., EL-Rabaie, ES.M. & Shalaby, A.T. Analysis of co-tunneling effect in single-electronics simulation. J Comput Electron 15, 1351–1360 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-016-0923-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-016-0923-1