Abstract
Microalgal biotechnology is an innovative sector in the field of biotechnology and has evolved exponentially in the last 100 years. With the aim of finding out the current situation of the sector and its development, patents on microalgal biotechnology were surveyed in Espacenet, the European Patent Office database. The objective of this study was to identify the main trends in microalgae-related patents in the most commercial genera: Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, Haematococcus and model organism Chlamydomonas.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acién FG, Fernández JM, Magán JJ, Molina E (2012) Production cost of a real microalgae production plant and strategies to reduce it. Biotechnol Adv 30:1344–1353
Albitskaya O, Goronkova O, Nosova L, Kirichkov A, Lunin L (1979a) Nutrient medium for cultivating microalgae. Patent SU678065, 5 Nov 1979
Albitskaya O, Andreeva R, Goronkova O (1979b) Nutrient medium for cultivating photoautotrophic microalgae. Patent SU663723, 25 May 1979
Almaev RA, Prokopov O, Lukyanov YA (1979) Apparatus for the purification of water in canals from microalgae. Patent SU701570, 5 Dec 1979
Anisimov OL, Albitskaya ON, Nikolaeva LA, Skontnikova GS (1979) Device for producing biomass of microalgae. Patent SU656592, 14 Apr 1979
Apt KE, Allnut TFC, Kyle DJ, Lippmeier JC (2001) Trophic conversion of obligate phototrophic algae through metabolic engineering. Patent WO0181603, 11 Nov 2001
Avron M, Ben-Amotz A (1978) Production of glycerol from algae. Patent US4115949, 26 Sep 1978
Baktay G, Literati-Nagy P, Nagy Lajos G, Blasko G, Grosz M, Palinkas J, Boross M, Fabian M, Tengolics E, Pako E, Bogdany L, Nemeth G (1988a) Compositions pharmaceutiques agissant sur le coeur et le système cardiovasculaire et procédé pour leur préparation. Patent FR2612399, 23 Sept 1988
Baktay G, Literati-Nagy P, Nagy Lajos G, Grosz M, Palinkas J, Bozoki G, Blasko G, Boross M, Pako-Nee-Tengolics E. Fabian M, Bodgany L (1988b) Compositions diététiques et procédé pour leur préparation. Patent FR2612373, 23 Sept 1988
Belay A (1997) Mass culture of Spirulina outdoors—the Earthrise Farms experience. In: Vonshak A (ed) Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): physiology, cell-biology and biochemistry. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 131–158
Belay A (2008) Spirulina (Arthrospira): production and quality assurance. In: Gershwin ME, Belay A (eds) Spirulina in human nutrition and health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–25
Belkin M, Shaish A, Harats D, Rotenstreich Y (2009) Methods of treating ophthalmic disorders. Patent WO2009133552, 5 Nov 2009
Bernard L, Mus F, Simon-Desplats C, Cuine S, Cournac L, Peltier G (2006) Producing hydrogen by heterologous expression of a type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in Chlamydomonas. Patent WO2006040471, 20 Apr 2006
Bilanovic D, Mohn F-H (1994) Isolation of carotenoid(s) from sea water algae, e.g. Dunaliella. Patent DE4342798, 21 July 1994
Bishop WM, Zubeck HM (2012) Evaluation of microalgae for use as nutraceuticals and nutritional supplements. J Nutr Food Sci 2:147
Borowitzka LJ (1991) Development of Western Bio-technology’s algal-carotene plant. Bioresource Technol 38:251–252
Borowitzka MA (1995) Microalgae as sources of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active compounds. J Appl Phycol 7:3–15
Borowitzka MA (1997) Algae for aquaculture: opportunities and constraints. J Appl Phycol 9:393–401
Borowitzka MA (1999a) Commercial production of microalgae: ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters. J Biotechnol 70:313–321
Borowitzka MA (1999b) Pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals from microalgae. In: Cohen Z (ed) Chemicals from microalgae. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 313–352
Borowitzka MA (2010) Carotenoid production using microorganisms. In: Cohen Z, Ratledge C (eds) Single cell oils. Microbial and Algal Oils. AOCS Press, Urbana, pp 225–240
Borowitzka MA (2013a) High-value products from microalgae—their development and commercialisation. J Appl Phycol 25:743–756
Borowitzka MA (2013b) Dunaliella: biology, production, and markets. In: Richmond A, Hu Q (eds) Handbook of microalgal culture: applied phycology and biotechnology, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp 359–368
Borowitzka MA (2013c) Energy from microalgae: a short history. In: Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (eds) Algae for biofuels and energy. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–15
Borowitzka MA (2014) Patents on cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial products and uses. In: Sharma NK, Rai AK, Stal LJ (eds) Cyanobacteria: an economic perspective. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester pp 329–338
Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (2013) Sustainable biofuels from algae. Mitig Adapt Strat Global Change 18:13–25
Boussiba S (2000) Carotenogenesis in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: cellular physiology and stress response. Physiol Plant 108:111–117
Boussiba S, Vonshak A, Cohen Z, Richmond A (1997) A procedure for large-scale production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus. Patent WO9728274, 7 July 1997
Brin A-J, Goutelard NE (1994) Cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition for topical application active against free radicals. Patent EP0629397, 21 Dec 1994
Brokl M, Kerst A, Douros J (1973) Controlling algae with 5-(5 barbiturildene)-rhodanine. Patent US3765864, 16 Oct 1973
Burlew JS (ed) (1953) Algae culture: from laboratory to pilot plant. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C
Cefarelli AO, Vernet M, Ferrario ME (2011) Phytoplankton composition and abundance in relation to free-floating Antarctic icebergs. Deep-Sea Res II 58:1436–1450
Chapman DD, Christensen GM, Pilgrim AJ, Stern JA, Zommers I (1965) Transformation of algae to a human nutrient. Patent US3197309, 27 July 1965
Chen C-Y, Yeh K-L, Aisyah R, Lee D-J, Chang J-S (2011) Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 102:71–81
Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P, Bonos E (2011) Microalgae: a novel ingredient in nutrition. Int J Food Sci Nutr 62:794–799
Craggs R, Sutherland D, Campbell H (2012) Hectare-scale demonstration of high rate algal ponds for enhanced wastewater treatment and biofuel production. J Appl Phycol 24:329–337
Craggs RJ, Lundquist TJ, Benemann JR (2013) Wastewater treatment and algal biofuel production. In: Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (eds) Algae for biofuels and energy. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 153–164
Curtain C, Snook H (1983) Method for harvesting algae. Patent WO8301257, 14 Apr 1983
Cysewski GR, Lorenz RT (2004) Industrial production of microalgal cell-mass and secondary products—species of high potential: Haematococcus. In: Richmond A (ed) Microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 281–288
Day A, Dillon HF, Brooks G, Franklin S (2009) Direct chemical modification of microbial biomass and microbial oils. Patent WO2009126843, 15 Oct 2009
Douros J, Kerst A (1973) Use of violuric acid as a fungicide or bactericide US3728461,17 Apr 1973
Duncan KW, Macrae AI (1998) A method of biological control. Patent WO9825470, 18 June 1998
Durand-Chastel H (1972) Procédé de culture intensive d’algues en milieu naturel. Patent FR2103462, 14 Apr 1972
Ensen GS, Drapeau C (2007) Purified component of blue-green algae and method of use. Patent WO2007002570, 4 Jan 2007
Enzing C, Ploeg M, Barbosa M, Sijtsma L (2014) Microalgae-based products for the food and feed sector: an outlook for Europe. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European Commission
Evans D, Rabie M (2007) Algal and algal extract dietary supplement composition. Patent WO2007062274, 4 Nov 2004
Evans KD, Konopka SJ, Henry EC, Houston WM (2004) Methods of producing carbon-13 labeled biomass. Patent WO2004093922, 31 May 2007
Faheed FA, Abd-El Fattah Z (2008) Effect of Chlorella vulgaris as bio-fertilizer on growth parameters and metabolic aspects of lettuce plant. J Agri Soc Sci 4:165–169
Fallon RD, Payne MS, Chauchan S, Dicosimo R (2001) Isolation and expression of a gene for a nitrilase from Acidovorax facilis 72W. Patent WO0175077, 11 Oct 2001
Filippovskij YN, Borodin MD, Anisimov OL, Pozkneva TV (1979) Photoreactor for microalgae cultivation. Patent SU686686, 25 Sept 1979
Fon Sing S, Isdepsky A, Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (2013) Production of biofuels from microalgae. Mitig Adapt Strat Global Change 18:47–72
Fujisawa T, Narikawa R, Okamoto S, Ehira S, Yoshimura H, Suzuki I, Masuda T, Mochimaru M, Takaichi S, Awai K, Sekine M, Horikawa H, Yashiro I, Omata S, Takarada H, Katano Y, Kosugi H, Tanikawa S, Ohmori K, Sato N, Ikeuchi M, Fujita N, Ohmori M (2010) Genomic structure of an economically important cyanobacterium, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis NIES-39. DNA Res 17:85–103
Galit M-S, Jonah G (1996) Astaxanthin carotenoid pigment recovery. Patent GB2301587, 11 Dec 1996
Geier SC, Huyer S, Praebst K, Husmann M, Walter C, Buchholz R (2012) Outdoor cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for photobiological hydrogen production. J Appl Phycol 24:319–327
Gellenbeck K (2012) Utilization of algal materials for nutraceutical and cosmeceutical applications—what do manufacturers need to know? J Appl Phycol 24:309–313
Ghosh PK, Mishra SCP, Gandhi MR, Upakhyay SC, Mishra SK, Pancha I, Shrivastav AV, Jain D, Shethia B, Maitis S, Zala KS (2012) Integrated process for the production of oil bearing Chlorella variabilis for lipid extraction utilizing by-products of Jatropha methyl ester (JME) production. Patent WO2012038978, 29 March 2012
Gimpel JA, Specht EA, Georgianna DR, Mayfield SP (2013) Advances in microalgae engineering and synthetic biology applications for biofuel production. Curr Opin Chem Biol 17:1–7
Gouveia L, Marques AE, Sousa JM, Moura P, Bandara NM (2010) Microalgae—source of natural bioactive molecules as functional ingredients. Food Sci Technol Bull: Funct Foods 7:21–37
Gudin C, Jungas C, Vaillant J-F (1989) Method and device for producing carotenoids and particularly astaxanthin by culture of microalgae. Patent WO8901977, 9 March 1989
Guglielmo M, Montanari D (2003) Cosmetic preparation with anti-wrinkle action. Patent WO03000222, 3 Jan 2003
Haigh W (1994) High purity beta-carotene. Patent WO9410140, 11 May 1994
Hammer P, Beilinson V, Hinson T (2010) Compositions and methods for expression of a heterologous nucleotide sequence in plants. Patent WO2010028331, 11 March 2010
Harker M, Hirschberg J, Lotan T, Mann V (1998) Nucleic acid sequence encoding beta-c-4-oxygenase from Haematococcus pluvialis for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. Patent WO1998018910, 7 May 1998
Harris EH (2001) Chlamydomonas as a model organism. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52:363–406
Hasegawa K, Inomata S, Umishio K (2007) Novel inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Patent WO2007032561, 22 March 2007
Hata T, Maruoka T (2000) Kulturmedium zum Züchten von Lactobacillus clearans und Verfahren zum Konservieren dieses Stamms. Patent FR2789087, 4 Aug 2000
Hirooka S, Higuchi S, Uzuka A, Nozaki H, Miyagishima S (2014) Acidophilic green alga Pseudochlorella sp. YKT1 accumulates high amount of lipid droplets under a nitrogen-depleted condition at a low-pH. Plos One 9(9):e107702
Ho SH, Huang SW, Chen CY, Hasunuma T, Kondo A, Chang JS (2013) Bioethanol production using carbohydrate-rich microalgae biomass as feedstock. Bioresour Technol 135:191–198
Holman BWB, Malau-Aduli AEO (2012) Spirulina as a livestock supplement and animal feed. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 97(4):615–623
Hoshino T, Ojima K, Setoguchi Y (2002) Process for the manufacture of carotenoids and biologically useful materials thereof. Patent US2002168703, 14 Nov 2002)
Hsieh H-P, Hsu T-A, Chao Y-S, Chou Y-C, Wang ST (2009) Extracts from Chlorella. Patent US2009111876, 30 Apr 2009
Hu Q (2004) Industrial production of microalgal cell-mass and secondary products—major industrial species: Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. In: Richmond A (ed) Microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 264–272
Huang Y-T, Su C-P (2014) High lipid content and productivity of microalgae cultivating under elevated carbon dioxide. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11:703–710
Hui-Min DW, Chen C-C, Huynh P, Chang J-S (2015) Exploring the potential of using algae in cosmetics. Bioresour Technol 184:355–362
Huss RJ, Running JA, Skatrud TJ (1995) L-ascorbic acid production in microorganisms. Patent WO9521933, 17 Aug 1995
Jesus MF, Santos RM, Miranda AM (2013) Health applications of bioactive compounds from marine microalgae. Life Sci 93:479–486
Kajiwara S, Misawa N, Kondo K (1996) DNA strand useful in increasing carotenoid yield. Patent WO9628545, 19 Sept 1996
Kalra EK (2003) Nutraceutical—definition and introduction. AAPS Pharm Sci 5, E25
Kerst A, Douros J (1973) 4,5 Diaminouracil sulfate as algicide. Patent US3753362, 21 Aug 1973
Khatoon N & Pal R (2015). Microalgae in Biotechnological Application: A Commercial Approach. In Bir Bahadur et al (eds) Plant Biology and Biotechnology vol II Plant Genomics. Springer India, New Delhi pp: 27–47
Kim Y-C, Park ZY, Kim HJ (2008) Methods for preparing chlorophyll a and chlorin e6. Patent WO2008054050, 8 May 2008
Kleid DG, Kohr WJ, Thibodeau FR (1991) Processes to recover and reconcentrate gold from its ores. Patent WO9108316, 13 June 1981
Kodo Y, Nishigaki H (2009) Composition for oral ingestion. Patent WO2009128279, 22 Oct 2009
Kondo Y, Nakajima Y (2010) Chlorella extract-containing material and method of improving the storage stability thereof. Patent EP2177115, 21 Apr 2010
Kralovec J (2002) Chlorella preparations exhibiting immunomodulating properties. Patent WO0211746, 14 Feb 2002
Kumar KS, Dahms H-U, Won E-J, Lee J-S, Shin K-H (2015) Microalgae—a promising tool for heavy metal remediation. Ecotox Environ Safe 113:329–352
Li Y, Naghdi FG, Garg S, Adarme-Vega TC, Thurecht K, Ghafor WA, Tannock S, Schenk PM (2014) A comparative study: the impact of different lipid extraction methods on current microalgal lipid research. Microb Cell Fact 13:14
Lignell A (2000) Treatment of dyspepsia. Patent WO0023064, 17 June 1999
Lignell A & Inborr J (1999) Method of the prophylactic treatment of mastitis. Patent WO9930701, 24 June 1999
Lignell A, Inborr J & Nicolin C (1999) Method of increasing the production and improving the quality of semen. Patent WO9929313, 27 Apr 2000
Literati-Nagy P, Bozoki G, Radvany-Nee-Hegedoes E, Fabian M, Szabo-Nee-Rether E, Szilbereki J (1989) Procédé de préparation d’algues ayant un effet biologique amélioré. Patent FR2626890, 11 Aug 1989
Liu J, Hu Q (2013) Chlorella: industrial production of cell mass and chemicals. In: Richmond A, Hu Q (eds) Handbook of microalgal culture: applied phycology and biotechnology, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp 327–338
Lu Y, Xu J (2015) Phytohormones in microalgae: a new opportunity for microalgal biotechnology? Trends Plant Sci 20:273–282
Lyon BL, Mock T (2014) Polar microalgae: new approaches towards understanding adaptations to an extreme and changing environment. Biology 3:56–80
Majmudar G (2005) Composition of marine botanicals to provide nutrition to aging and environmentally damaged skin. Patent WO2005055736, 23 June 2005
Markou G, Angelidaki I, Nerantzis E, Georgakakis D (2013) Bioethanol production by carbohydrate-enriched biomass of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. Energies 6:3937–3950
Mayfield S (2013) The Green Revolution 2.0: the potential of algae for the production of biofuels and bioproducts. Genome 56:551–555
Mayfield S, O’Neill B, Mendez M, Mikkelson K, Poon Y (2008) High throughput screening of genetically modified photosynthetic organisms. Patent WO2008150461, 11 Dec 2008
McGinn PJ, Dickinson KE, Park KC, Whitney CG, MacQuarrie SP, Black FJ, Frigon J-C, Guiot SR, O’Leary SJB (2012) Assessment of the bioenergy and bioremediation potentials of the microalga Scenedesmus sp. AMDD cultivated in municipal wastewater effluent in batch and continuous mode. Algal Res 1(2):155–165
Miller P, Schmidt RR (1997) Novel polypeptides and polynucleotides relating to the α- and β-subunits of glutamate dehydrogenases and methods of use. Patent WO1997012983, 10 Apr 1997
Mordhay A, Ben-Amotz A (1978) Production of glycerol from algae US4115949, 29 Sept 1978
Morgan C (2006) Topical medicament. Patent WO2006029189, 16 March 2010
Mori K (1983) Apparatus for photosynthesis. Patent EP0084325, 27 July 1983
Mori K (1986) Algae cultivating device. Patent EP0181609, 21 May 1986
Mori K (1988) Bioreactor. Patent FR2601031, 8 Jan 1988
Mori K (1990) Radiateur de lumière. Patent FR2635370, 16 Feb 1990
Moulton TP, Borowitzka LJ, Vincent DJ (1987) The mass culture of Dunaliella salina for β-carotene: from pilot plant to production plant. Hydrobiologia 151/152:99–105
Muller-Fuega A (2004) Microalgae for aquaculture: the current global situation and future trends. In: Richmond A (ed) Microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 352–364
Nagnath BK (2008) Golden yellow algae and method of producing the same. Patent WO2008155781, 24 Dec 2008
Neuhäusler P, Frietsch R (2013) Patent families as macro level patent value indicators: applying weights to account for market differences. Scientometrics 96:27–49
Nidamangala S, Rajagopal B, Parthasarathy S (2001) A novel medium for the production of betacarotene and other carotenoids from Dunaliella salina (ARL 5) and a strain of Dunaliella salina for production of carotenes using the novel media. Patent WO0134092, 17 May 2001
Norsker N-H, Barbosa MJ, Vermuë MH, Wijffels RH (2011) Microalgal production—a close look at the economics. Biotech Adv 29:24–27
Olaizola M (2000) Commercial production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using 25,000-liter outdoor photobioreactors. J Appl Phycol 12:499–506
Oyler G, Rosenberg J (2011) Enhanced gene expression in algae. Patent WO2011053935, 5 May 2011
Peters JW, Boyd ES, D’Adamo S, Mulder DW, Therien J, Posewitz MC (2013) Hydrogenases, nitrogenases, anoxia, and H2 production in water-oxidising phototrops. In: Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (eds) Algae for biofuels and bioenergy. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 37–75
Prokopov O, Almaev RA, Ayupov KV (1979) Mounted device for picking microalgae. Patent SU683674, 5 Sept 1979
Pulz O, Gross W (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65:635–648
Qiao K, Takano T, Liu S (2015) Discovery of two novel highly tolerant NaHCO3 trebouxiophytes: identification and characterization of microalgae from extreme saline–alkali soil. Algal Res 9:245–253
Reshetnikov AV, Zalevksky ID, Kemov JV, Ivanov AV, Karmenyan AV, Gradjushko AT, Laptev VP, Neugodova NP, Abakumova OY, Privalov VA, Lappa AV, Romanov VA (2002) Photosensitiser and method for production thereof. Patent WO02078694, 10 Oct 2010
Ribadeau-Dumas G (2009) Sweet containing algae for the prevention of oro-dental infections. Patent WO2009147340, 10 Dec 2009
Rueegg R (1982) Process for the extraction of beta-carotene from algae. Patent EP0052777, 2 June 1982
Sakshaug E, Bricaud A, Dandonneau Y, Falkowski P, Kiefer D, Legendre L, Morel A, Parslow J, Takahashi M (1997) Parameters of photosynthesis: definitions, theory and interpretation of results. J Plankt Res 19:1637–1670
Sato R, Boynton J, Gillham N, Harris E (1997) Porphyrin-accumulating type herbicide resistance gene. Patent WO9704088, 6 Feb 1997
Schenck P, Fogel S, Foster P, Walker W (1977) Production of algal biopolymers. Patent GB1496346, 30 Dec 1977
Scherer A, Schwind P (2001) Coloured ophthalmic product. Patent WO0180910, 1 Nov 2001
Sekar S, Paulraj P (2006) Strategic mining of cyanobacterial patents from the USPTO patent database and analysis of their scope and implications. J Appl Phycol 19:277–292
Shaish A, Harats D (2005) Therapeutic uses of Dunaliella powder. Patent EP1522310, 13 Apr 2005
Skulberg OM (2000) Microalgae as a source of bioactive molecules—experience from cyanophyte research. J Appl Phycol 12:341–348
Spencer K (1989) Pigmentation supplements for animal feed compositions. Patent WO8906910, 10 Aug 1989
Stirk WA, Ördög V, Van Staden J, Jäger K (2002) Cytokinin- and auxin-like activity in Cyanophyta and microalgae. J Appl Phycol 14:215–221
Suarez P, Ezequiel E, De Pablo L, Martin F, Rada G, Garcia-Risco M, Rodriguez A, Diez S, Rodriguez J, Rivas C, Olivares C (2006) Oily mixture of natural bioactive ingredients for the preparation of an enriched food product. Patent WO2006053917, 26 May 2006
Sutherland DL, Howard-Williams C, Turnbull MH, Broady PA, Craggs RJ (2014) Seasonal variation in light utilisation, biomass production and nutrient removal by wastewater microalgae in a full-scale high-rate algal pond. J Appl Phycol 26:1317–1329
Suzuki T, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1999) Composition containing 9-cis beta-carotene in high-purity and method of obtaining the same. Patent EP0933359, 4 Aug 1999
Tabernero A, Martín del Valle EM, Galan MA (2013) Microalgae technology: a patent survey. Int Chem Reactor Eng 11:733–763
Takahashi J, Yamashita E, Fukamauchi M, Tanaka I (2006) Composition for body fat reduction. Patent WO2006059730, 8 June 2006
Tanaka Y (1991) Method for producing and production of a fatty nutrient oil containing Chlorella algae. Patent FR2663204, 20 Dec 1991
Tarakhovskaya ER, Maslov YI, Shishova MF (2007) Phytohormones in algae. Russ J Plant Physiol 54:163–170
Trimbur DE, IM C-S, Dillon HF, Day AG, Franklin S, Coragliotti A (2008) Production of oil in microorganisms. Patent WO2008151149, 11 Dec 2008
Umezawa I, Komiyama K (1983) Polysaccharide having interferon-inducing and antitumor activity. Patent FR2517204, 3 June 1983
Valverde F, Serrano A, Romero J-M (2010) Use of a nucleotide sequence that regulates flowering time, plant expressing same and production method thereof. Patent WO2010094825, 26 Aug 2010
Vigani M, Parisi C, Rodríguez-Cerezo E, Barbosa MJ, Sijtsma L, Ploeg M & Enzing C (2015) Food and feed products from microalgae: Market opportunities and challenges for the EU. Trends Food Sci Tech 42: 81–92
Vinberg GG, Sivke TN (1956) Phytoplankton as an agent of the self-purification of contaminated waters. Hidrobiol Soc 7:3–23
Vonshak A (1997) Spirulina: growth, physiology and biochemistry. In: Vonshak A (ed) Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): physiology, cell-biology and biotechnology. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 79–99
Wadstroem T, Alejung P (1998) Oral preparation for the prhophylactic and therapeutic treatment of Helicobacter sp. infection. Patent WO9837874, 3 Sept 1998
Wensel P, Helms G, Hiscox B, Davis WC, Kirchhoff H, Bule M, Yu L, Chen S (2014) Isolation, characterization, and validation of oleaginous, multi-trophic, and haloalkaline-tolerant microalgae for two-stage cultivation. Algal Res 4:2–11
Wexler H, Startari JF (2000) Method for treating a waste stream using photosynthetic microorganisms. Patent WO0034189, 15 June 2000
Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ (2010) An outlook on microalgal biofuels. Science 329:796–799
Wilde EW, Benemann JR (1993) Bioremoval of heavy metals by the use of microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 11:781–812
Witman G, Pazour G, Rosenbaum J, Cole D (2001) Intraflagellar transport. Patent WO0190307, 29 Nov 2001
Yaakob Z, Ali E, Zainal A, Mohamad M, Takriff MS (2014) An overview: biomolecules from microalgae for animal feed and aquaculture. J Biol Res (Thessalon) 21(1):6
Yano K, Kajika K (2003) Anti-aging agent. Patent WO03084302, 16 Oct 2010
Yoshio T (1989) Produit alimentaire emballe sous vide contenant des algues Dunaliella et procede pour sa fabrication. Patent FR2627673, 1 Sept 1989
Yoshio T (1992a) Fish feed and process for producing the same. Patent FR2673511, 11 Sept 1992
Yoshio T (1992b) Toy bird feed and process for producing the same. Patent FR2673506, 11 Sept 1992
Zhang X (2008) A composition for treatment of diabetes mellitus and a preparation and an use thereof. Patent WO2008138191, 20 Nov 2008
Acknowledgments
This study was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Finance and Competitiveness through ALGALIMENTO project in the framework of the INNPACTO Programme and by the Canary Islands Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society, through ALGAEFEED project. The authors are grateful for the free trial provided by Matheo Patent software.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de la Jara, A., Assunção, P., Portillo, E. et al. Evolution of microalgal biotechnology: a survey of the European Patent Office database. J Appl Phycol 28, 2727–2740 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0805-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0805-8