Abstract
The ability of two widely used imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) to affect the physiological behavior of the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta treated in culture media with different salinities (30 and 35 ‰) was investigated. Algae species were exposed to 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([omim][BF4]), and their binary mixture [bmim][BF4]–[omim][BF4] (ratio 1:1) for 96 h, in f/2 medium with different salinities (30 and 35 ‰). Every 24 h, the growth rate (μ) and the percent inhibition (% I) as well as the concentrations of carotenoids (in terms of carotene content) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were determined. According to the results, the culture media salinity plays a key role in IL-mediated inhibitory effects on algae. In both salinities, ILs can act against algal growth rate rather than Chl a synthesis, merely due to the existence of a cross-linking with carotenoids, whose enhancement prior or in parallel with Chl a synthesis could play an important role against their growth restriction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aminot A, Ray F (2000) Standard procedures for the determination of chlorophyll a by spectroscopic methods. ICES Tech Mar Environ Sci 30:1–18
APHA (1989) Toxicity testing with phytoplankton. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 17th Ed, Suppl. Washington, DC, USA.
APHA (1996) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th Ed. Am. Pub. Health Assoc, Washington, DC. USA
Aravantinou AF, Tsarpali V, Dailianis S, Manariotis ID (2015) Effect of cultivation media on the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to freshwater and marine microalgae. Ecotox Environ Safe 114:109–116
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (1996) Standard guide for conducting static 96-h toxicity tests with microalgae. Vol. 11.05. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA. USA
Bae MJ, Park YS (2014) Biological early warning system based on the responses of aquatic organisms to disturbances: a review. Sci Total Environ 466–467:635–649
Ben-Amotz A, Polle JEW, Subba Rao DV (eds) (2009) The alga Dunaliella: biodiversity, physiology, genomics and biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfield
Bernot RJ, Kennedy EE, Lamberti GA (2005) Effects of ionic liquids on the survival, movement and feeding behavior of the freshwater snail, Physa acuta. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:1759–1765
Boyle TP (1984) The effect of environmental contaminants on aquatic algae. In: Shubert LE (ed) Algae as ecological indicators. Academic Press, New York, pp 237–256
Cammarata L, Kazarian SG, Salterb PA, Welton T (2001) Molecular states of water in room temperature ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 3:5192–5200
Campanella L, Cubadda F, Sammartino MP, Saoncella A (2000) An algal biosensor for the monitoring of water toxicity in estuarine environments. Water Res 25:69–76
Cantrell A, McGarvey DJ, Truscott TG, Rancan F, Böhm F (2003) Singlet oxygen quenching by dietary carotenoids in a model membrane environment. Arch Biochem Biophys 412:47–54
Cho CW, Pham TPT, Jeon YC, Vijayaraghavan K, Choed WS, Yun YS (2007) Toxicity of imidazolium salt with anion bromide to a phytoplankton Selenastrum capricornutum: effect of alkyl-chain length. Chemosphere 69:1003–1007
Cvjetko Bubalo MC, Radošević K, Redovniković IR, Halambek J, Srček VG (2014) A brief overview of the potential environmental hazards of ionic liquid. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 99:1–12
Del Campo JA, Garcia-Gonzalez M, Guerrero MG (2007) Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biot 74:1163–1174
DeLorenzo AM (2009) Utility of Dunaliella in ecotoxicity testing. In: Ben-Amotz A, Polle JEW, Rao DVS (eds) The alga Dunaliella: biodiversity, physiology, genomics and biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 495–512
Docherty KM, Kulpa CFJ (2005) Toxicity and antimicrobial activity of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids. Green Chem 7:185–189
El-Sheekh MM, El-Naggar AH, Osman MEH, El-Mazaly E (2003) Effect of cobalt on growth, pigments and the photosynthetic electron transport in Monoraphidium minutum and Nitzchia perminuta. Braz J Plant Physiol 15:159–166
Freire MG, Santos LMNBF, Fernandes AM, Coutinho JAP, Marrucho IM (2007) An overview of the mutual solubilities of water–imidazolium-based ionic liquids systems. Fluid Phase Equilibr 261:449–454
Garcia-Gonzalez M, Moreno J, Manzano JC, Florencio FJ, Guerrero MG (2005) Production of Dunaliella salina biomass rich in 9-cis-β-carotene and lutein in a closed tubular photobioreactor. J Biotechnol 115:81–90
Grishina EP, Ramenskaya LM, Gruzdev MS, Kraeva OV (2013) Water effect on physicochemical properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids with inorganic anions. J Mol Liq 177:267–272
Jeffrey SW, Skarstad E (2009) Pigments of green and red forms of Dunaliella, and related chlorophytes. In: Ben-Amotz A, Polle JEW, Rao DVS (eds) The alga Dunaliella: biodiversity, physiology, genomics and biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 111–145
Jimenez C, Pick U (1993) Differential reactivity of β-carotene isomers from Dunaliella bardawil toward oxygen radicals. Plant Physiol 101:385–390
Kramer NI, Krismartina M, Rico-Rico A, Blaauboer BJ, Hermens JLM (2012) Quantifying processes determining the free concentration of phenanthrene in basal cytotoxicity assay. Chem Res Toxicol 25:436–445
Kulacki KJ, Lamberti GA (2008) Toxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids to freshwater algae. Green Chem 10:104–110
Kumar M, Kumari P, Gupta V, Anisha PA, Reddy CRK, Jha B (2010) Differential responses to cadmium induced oxidative stress in marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Ulvales, Chlorophyta). Biometals 23:315–325
Kumar M, Trivedi N, Reddy CRK, Jha B (2011) Toxic effects of imidazolium ionic liquids on the green seaweed Ulva lactuca: oxidative stress and DNA damage. Chem Res Toxicol 24:1882–1890
Latała A, Stepnowski P, Nędzi M, Mrozik W (2005) Marine toxicity assessment of imidazolium ionic liquids: acute effects on the Baltic algae Oocystis submarina and Cyclotella meneghiniana. Aquat Toxicol 73:91–98
Latała A, Nędzi M, Stepnowski P (2009) Toxicity of imidazolium and pyridinium based ionic liquids towards algae. Chlorella vulgaris, Oocystis submarina (green algae) and Cyclotella meneghiniana, Skeletonema marinoi (diatoms). Green Chem 11:580–588
Latała A, Nędzi M, Stepnowski P (2010) Toxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids towards algae. Influence of salinity variations. Green Chem 12:60–64
Li X, Ping X, Xiumei P, Zhenbin W, Liqiang X (2005) Toxicity of cypermethrin on growth, pigments, and superoxide dismutase of Scenedesmus obliquus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 60:188–192
Li H, Yu C, Chen R, Li J, Li J (2012) Novel ionic liquid-type Gemini surfactants: synthesis, surface property and antimicrobial activity, colloids and surfaces. Colloids Surf A 395:116–124
Ma JM, Cai LL, Zhang BJ, Hu LW, Li XY, Wang JJ (2010) Acute toxicity and effects of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquids on green algae. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:1465–1469
Matzke M, Stolte S, Thiele K, Juffernholz T, Arning J, Ranke J, Welz-Biermann U, Jastorff B (2007) The influence of anion species on the toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids observed in an (eco)toxicological test battery. Green Chem 9:1198–1207
Melegari SP, Perreault F, Costa RHR, Popovic R, Matias WG (2013) Evaluation of toxicity and oxidative stress induced by copper oxide nanoparticles in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Aquat Toxicol 142–143:431–440
Nikookar K, Moradshahi A, Hosseini L (2005) Physiological responses of Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta to copper toxicity. Biomol Eng 22:141–146
Niyogi KK (2000) Safety valves for photosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3:455–460
OECD (2011) Test no. 201: freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264069923-en
Oren A (2005) A hundred years of Dunaliella research: 1095-2005. Sal Systems 1:2. doi:10.1186/1746-1448-1-2
Oukarroum A, Bras S, Perreault F, Popovic R (2012) Inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles in two green algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella tertiolecta. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 78:80–85
Perreault F, Matias MS, Oukarroum A, Matias WG, Popovic R (2012) Okadaic acid inhibits cell growth and photosynthetic electron transport in the alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. Sci Total Environ 414:198–204
Petkovic M, Seddon KR, Rebelo LPN, Silva Pereira C (2011) Ionic liquids: a pathway to environmental acceptability. Chem Soc Rev 40:1383–1403
Pham TPT, Cho CW, Min J, Yun YS (2008) Alkyl-chain length effects of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids on photosynthetic response of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. J Biosci Bioeng 105:428–428
Pham TPT, Cho CW, Yun YS (2010) Environmental fate and toxicity of ionic liquids: a review. Water Res 44:352–372
Ranke J, Mőlter K, Stock F, Bottin-Weber U, Poczobutt J, Hoffmann J, Ondruschka B, Filser J, Jastorff B (2003) Biological effects of imidazolium ionic liquids with varying chain lengths in acute Vibrio fischeri and WST-1 cell viability assays. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 28:396–404
Saha S, Hamaguchi HO (2006) Effect of water on the molecular structure and arrangement of nitrile-functionalized ionic liquids. J Phys Chem B 110:2777–2781
Samori C, Malferrari D, Valbonesi P, Montecavalli A, Moretti F, Galletti P, Sartor G, Tagliavini E, Fabbri E, Pasteris A (2010) Introduction of oxygenated side chain into imidazolium ionic liquids: evaluation of the effects at different biological organization levels. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:1456–1464
Shaish A, Ben-Amotz A, Avron M (1992) Biosynthesis of β-carotene in Dunaliella. Methods Enzymol 213:439–444
Shimizu K, Gomes MFC, Pádua AAH, Rebelo LPN, Lopes JNC (2010) Three commentaries on the nano-segregated structure of ionic liquids. J Mol Struc-Theochem 946:70–76
Stepnowski P, Składanowski AC, Ludwiczak A, Łączyńska E (2004) Evaluating the cytotoxicity of ionic liquids using human cell line HeLa. Hum Exp Toxicol 23:513–517
Takaichi S (2011) Carotenoids in algae: distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Mar Drugs 9:1101–1118
Telfer A (2002) What is β-carotene doing in the photosystem II reaction centre? Phil Trans R Soc B 357:1431–1439
Tsarpali V, Dailianis S (2015) Toxicity of two imidazolium ionic liquids, [bmim][BF4] and [omim][BF4], to standard aquatic test organisms: role of acetone in the induced toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 117:62–71
Tsiaka P, Tsarpali V, Ntaikou I, Kostopoulou MN, Lyberatos G, Dailianis S (2013) Carbamazepine-mediated pro-oxidant effects on the unicellular marine algal species Dunaliella tertiolecta and the hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Ecotoxicology 22:1208–1220
U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1974) Marine algal assay procedure bottle test: eutrophication and lake restoration. Branch National Environmental Research Center, Corvallis, OR, USA
Ventura SPM, Gonçalves AMM, Gonçalves F, Coutinho JAP (2010) Assessing the toxicity on [C3mim][Tf2N] to aquatic organisms of different trophic levels. Aquat Toxicol 96:290–297
Ventura SPM, Gurbisz M, Ghavre M, Ferreira FMM, Gonçalves F, Beadham I, Quilty B, Coutinho JAP, Gathergood N (2013) Imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids from mandelic acid derivatives: synthesis and bacteria and algae toxicity evaluation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 1:393–402
Wasserscheid P, Keim W (2000) Ionic liquids-new “solutions” for transition metal catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 39:3772–3789
Wong PK (2000) Effects of 2, 4-D, glyphosate and paraquat on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis of Scenedesmus quadricauda Berb 614. Chemosphere 4:177–182
Woodall AA, Britton G, Jackson MJ (1997) Carotenoids and protection of phospholipids in solution or in liposomes against oxidation by peroxyl radicals: relationship and protective ability. Biochim Biophys Acta 7:617–635
Zhang C, Malhotra SV, Francis AJ (2011) Toxicity of imidazolium- and pyridinium-based ionic liquids and the co-metabolic degradation of N-ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate. Chemosphere 82:1690–1695
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the annual research grant sanctioned to the Section of Animal Biology by the University of Patras, Greece. The present work is included in the doctoral thesis of Ms. V. Tsarpali. Further data associated with the current article can be found within the supplementary file.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOCX 114 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsarpali, V., Harbi, K. & Dailianis, S. Physiological response of the green microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta against imidazolium ionic liquids [bmim][BF4] and/or [omim][BF4]: the role of salinity on the observed effects. J Appl Phycol 28, 979–990 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0613-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0613-6