Skip to main content
Log in

Seeing the Animal: On the Ethical Implications of De-animalization in Intensive Animal Production Systems

  • Articles
  • Published:
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article discusses the notion that the invisibility of the animalness of the animal constitutes a fundamental obstacle to change within current production systems. It is discussed whether housing animals in environments that resemble natural habitats could lead to a re-animalization of the animals, a higher appreciation of their moral significance, and thereby higher standards of animal welfare. The basic claim is that experiencing the animals in their evolutionary and environmental context would make it harder to objectify animals as mere bioreactors and production systems. It is argued that the historic objectification of animals within intensive animal production can only be reversed if animals are given the chance to express themselves as they are and not as we see them through the tunnel visions of economy and quantifiable welfare assessment parameters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abram, D. (1996). The spell of the sensuous. London: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acampora, R. (2006). Corporal compassion: Animal ethics and philosophy of the body. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, C. J. (2000). The sexual politics of meat: A feminist-vegetarian critical theory. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akre, A. K., Hovland, A. L., Bakken, M., & Braastad, B. O. (2008). Risk assessment concerning the welfare of animals kept for fur production: A report to the Norwegian scientific committee for food safety 9th May 2008. Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.

  • Aristotle (1976) Ethics. Penguin Classics.

  • Berget, B., Ekeberg, Ø., & Braastad, B. (2008). Animal-assisted therapy with farm animals for persons with psychiatric disorders: Effects on self-efficacy, coping ability and quality of life, a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health,. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonneau, M., & Chevillon, P. (2012). Acceptability of entire male pork with various levels of androstenone and skatole by consumers according to their sensitivity to androstenone. Meat Science, 90, 330–337. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.07.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkfelt, S., Kondrup, S., Röcklinsberg, R., Bjørkdahl, K., & Gjerris, M. (2015). Closer to nature? A critical discussion of the marketing of “ethical” animal products. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 28(6), 1053–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braastad, B. O., & Bakken, M. (1993). Maternal infanticide and periparturient behaviour in farmed silver foxes Vulpes vulpes. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 36(4), 347–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brambell, F. W. R., et al. (1965). Report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom, D. M., & Reefman, N. (2005). Chicken welfare as indicated by lesions on carcases in supermarkets. British Poultry Science, 46, 407–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burow, E., Thomsen, P. T., Sørensen, J. T., & Rousing, T. (2011). The effect of grazing on cow mortality in Danish dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 100, 237–241. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, G. L., Rutter, S. M., East, M., & Sinclair, L. A. (2011). Preference of dairy cows: Indoor cubicle housing with access to a total mixed ration versus access to pasture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 130, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, S. D. (2006). Encountering the animal other: Reflections on moments of empathic seeing. Endo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 6, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee, J. M. (2004). Elisabeth costello. London: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of the European Union (2007). Directive 2007/43/EClaying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Retrieved January 13, 2015, from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32007L0043.

  • D’Eath, B. D., & Turner, S. P. (2008). The natural behaviour of the pig. In J. N. Marchant-Forde (Ed.), The welfare of pigs (pp. 13–45). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, M. S., Donnelly, C. A., & Jones, T. A. (2004). Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density. Nature, 427, 342–344. doi:10.1038/nature02226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunstone, N. (1993). The mink. London: T. & A. D. Poyser Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekesbo, I. (2011). Farm animal behaviour: Characteristics for assessment of health and welfare. Cambridge: CABI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurobarometer (2005). Attitudes of consumers towards the welfare of farmed animals. European Commission. Retrieved January 16, 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/euro_barometer25_en.pdf.

  • European Animal Welfare Platform (2012). European animal welfare platform: Adding welfare quality to food EAWP. Retrieved January 16, 2015, from http://www.animalwelfareplatform.eu/documents/Finalsummaryreport_000.pdf.

  • European Commission (2001). The welfare of animals kept for fur production: Report of the scientific committee on animal health and animal welfare. Brussels: European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate.

  • Farm Animal Welfare Council (2009). Farm animal welfare in great Britain: Past, present and future. Retrieved January 13, 2015, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/319292/Farm_Animal_Welfare_in_Great_Britain_-_Past__Present_and_Future.pdf.

  • Fashion Forum (2011). Uenighed om dyrevelfærden hos mink. Retrieved January 13, 2015, from http://fashionforum.dk/2011/11/18/uenighed-om-dyrevelfaerden-hos-mink.

  • Fødevarministeriet (2003) Bekendtgørelse om halekupering og kastration af dyr. Retrieved July 17, 2014, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=1572.

  • Forkman, B., Furuhaug, I. L., & Jensen, P. (1995). Personality, coping patterns, and aggression in piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 45, 31–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen, B., Furnols, M. F., Lundstrom, K., Migdal, W., Prunier, A., Tuyttens, F. A. M., et al. (2009). Practice on castration of piglets in Europe. Animal, 3, 1480–1487. doi:10.1017/S1751731109004674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen, B., Johnsen, A. M. S., & Skuterud, E. (2011). Consumer attitudes towards castration of piglets and alternatives to surgical castration. Research in Veterinary Science, 90, 352–357. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gentle, M. J. (2011). Pain issues in poultry. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135, 252–258. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.10.023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjerris, M. (2012). Ethics of nature in the thinking of K. E. Løgstrup. In E. Conradie (Ed.), Creation and Salvation (Vol. 2, pp. 155–157). Münster: LIT Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjerris, M. (2014). Willed blindness: A discussion of our moral shortcomings in relation to animals. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,. doi:10.1007/s10806-014-9499-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, S. D. (1998). Personality dimensions in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112, 107–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harfeld, J. L. (2013). Telos and the ethics of animal farming. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 26, 691–709. doi:10.1007/s10806-012-9422-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemsworth, P. H., Barnett, J. L., Beveridge, L., & Matthews, L. R. (1995). The welfare of extensively managed dairy cattle: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 42, 161–182. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(94)00538-P.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higman, B. W. (1995). Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, (pp. 1807–1834). University of the West Indies Press.

  • Ingemann, R., Sandøe, P., Enemark, P., & Forkman, B. (2009). Conflicting goals of welfare assessment schemes: A case study. Animal Welfare, 18, 487–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (2004). Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klont, R. E., Kurt, E., Heres, L., & Urlings, B. (2010). Production of entire males: Challenges and opportunities. Fleischwirtschaft, 90, 107–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legrand, A. L., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2009). Preference and usage of pasture versus free-stall housing by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 3651–3658. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Løgstrup, K. E. (1997). The ethical demand. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundström, K., Matthews, K. R., & Haugen, J. (2009). Pig meat quality from entire males. Animal, 3, 1497–1507. doi:10.1017/S1751731109990693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusk, J. L., & Norwood, F. B. (2011). Animal welfare economics. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 33, 463–483. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merks, J. W. M., Hanenberg, E. H. A. T., Bloemhof, S., & Knol, E. F. (2009). Genetic opportunities for pork production without castration. Animal Welfare, 18, 539–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Næss, A. (1995). The deep ecological movement: Some philosophical aspects. In G. Sessions (Ed.), Deep ecology for the twenty-first century (pp. 74–86). Boston: Shambala Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83, 435–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nimon, A. J., & Broom, D. M. (2001). The welfare of farmed foxes—Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus in relation to housing and management: A review. Animal Welfare, 10, 223–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noel, J. (1999). Phronesis and Phantasia: Taching with wisdom and imagination. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 33, 277–286. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. E. (1985). Aristotle’s De Motu Animalium: Text with translation, commentary, and interpretive essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmos, G., Boyle, L., Hanlon, A., Patton, J., Murphy, J. J., & Mee, J. F. (2009). Hoof disorders, locomotion ability and lying times of cubicle-housed compared to pasture-based dairy cows. Livestock Science, 125, 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2009.04.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peplow, M. (2004). Lab rats go wild in Oxfordshire. Nature,. doi:10.1038/news040202-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prunier, A., Bonneau, M., von Borell, E. H., Cinotti, S., Gunn, M., Fredriksen, B., et al. (2006). A review of the welfare consequences of surgical castration in piglets and the evaluation of non-surgical methods. Animal Welfare, 15, 277–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puppe, B., Meunier-Salaün, M.-C., Otten, W., & Orgeur, P. (2008). The welfare of piglets. In L. Faucitano & A. L. Schaefer (Eds.), Welfare of pigs: From birth to slaughter (pp. 97–132). Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rault, J., Lay, D. C, Jr, & Marchant-Forde, J. N. (2011). Castration induced pain in pigs and other livestock. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135, 214–225. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.10.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regan, T. (1983). The case for animal rights. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regula, G., Danuser, J., Spycher, B., & Wechsler, B. (2004). Health and welfare of dairy cows in different husbandry systems in Switzerland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 66, 247–264. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.09.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Röcklinsberg, H., Gamborg, C., & Gjerris, M. (2014). A case for integrity: Gains from including more than animal welfare in animal ethics committee deliberations. Laboratory Animals, 48, 61–71. doi:10.1177/0023677213514220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rollin, B. E. (2006). Animal rights and human morality. New York: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollin, B. E., Broom, D. M., Fraser, D., Golab, G. C., Arnot, C., & Shapiro, P. (2011). Defining agricultural animal welfare: Varying viewpoints and approaches. In W. G. Pond, F. W. Bazer, & B. E. Rollin (Eds.), Animal welfare in animal agriculture: Husbandry, stewardship, and sustainability in animal production. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, K. M. D., Baxter, E. M., D’Eath, R. B., Turner, S. P., Arnott, G., Roehe, R., et al. (2013). The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig I: Biological factors. Animal Welfare, 22, 199–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagoff, M. (1989). The economy of the earth: Philosophy, law, and the environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandel, M. J. (2000). What money can’t buy: The moral limits of markets. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, 21, 87–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandel, M. J. (2012). What money can’t buy: The moral limits of markets. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serpell, J. A. (2003). Anthropomorphism and anthropomorphic selection—Beyond the ‘cure response’. Society & Animals, 11, 83–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankar, B. P., Madhusudhan, H. S., & Harish, D. B. (2009). Pre-weaning mortality in pig-causes and management. Veterinary World, 2(6), 236–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin, C. M., Richards, G. J., & Nicol, C. J. (2010). Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK. British Poultry Science, 51(4), 488–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somers, J. G., Frankena, K., Noordhuizen-Stassen, E. N., & Metz, J. H. (2005a). Prevalence of claw disorders in Dutch dairy cows exposed to several floor systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2082–2093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somers, J. G., Frankena, K., Noordhuizen-Stassen, E. N., & Metz, J. H. (2005b). Risk factors for interdigital dermatitis and heel erosion in dairy cows kept in cubicle houses in the Netherlands. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 71, 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolba, A., & Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1989). The behaviour of pigs in semi-natural environment. Animal Production, 48, 419–425. doi:10.1017/S0003356100040411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorup, M. (2012). An intellectual history of terror: War, violence and the state. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuyttens, F. A. M., Vanhonacker, F., Verhille, B., De Brabander, D., & Verbeke, W. (2011). Pig producer attitude towards surgical castration of piglets without anaesthesia versus alternative strategies. Research in Veterinary Science, 92, 524–530. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.02.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaarst, M., Alban, L., Mogensen, L., Thamsborg, S. M., & Kristensen, E. S. (2001). Animal health and welfare during transition to organic dairy production: Problems, priorities and perspectives. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 14, 367–390. doi:10.1023/A:1013060304868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veissier, I., Boissy, A., Desire, L., & Greiveldinger, L. (2009). Animals’ emotions: Studies in sheep using appraisal theories. Animal Welfare, 18, 347–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vershot, M. (2014). Meet the people who wants to turn predators into herbivores. Treehugger 30.09.14 http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/meet-the-people-who-want-to-turn-predators-into-vegans.html. Accessed 05 March 2016.

  • von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., Rushen, J., de Passillé, A. M., & Weary, D. M. (2009). Invited review: The welfare of dairy cattle—key concepts and the role of science. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 4101–4111. doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Washburn, S. P., White, S. L., Green, J. T, Jr, & Benson, G. A. (2002). Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition of seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows in confinement or pasture systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 105–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wemelsfelder, F. (2007). How animals communicate quality of life: The qualitative assessment of behavior. Animal Welfare, 16, 25–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood-Gush, D. G. M., & Vestergaard, K. (1991). The seeking of novelty and its relation to play. Animal Behaviour, 42, 599–606. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80243-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. J. (2008). Nietzsche and ecology: A critical inquiry. In S. V. Hicks & A. Rosenberg (Eds.), Reading Nietzsche in the margins (pp. 165–185). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jes Lynning Harfeld.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Harfeld, J.L., Cornou, C., Kornum, A. et al. Seeing the Animal: On the Ethical Implications of De-animalization in Intensive Animal Production Systems. J Agric Environ Ethics 29, 407–423 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-016-9611-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-016-9611-1

Keywords

Navigation