Abstract
Despite speculation about an 80% divorce rate among parents of children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), very little empirical and no epidemiological research has addressed the issue of separation and divorce among this population. Data for this study was taken from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, a population-based, cross-sectional survey. A total of 77,911 parent interviews were completed on children aged 3–17 years, of which 913 reported an ASD diagnosis. After controlling for relevant covariates, results from multivariate analyses revealed no evidence to suggest that children with ASD are at an increased risk for living in a household not comprised of their two biological or adoptive parents compared to children without ASD in the United States.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down Syndrome, or Fragile X Syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109, 237–254.
Akerly, M. S. (1984). Developmental changes in families with autistic children. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), The effects of autism on the family (pp. 145–162). New York: Plenum Press.
Amato, P. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 1269–1287.
Amato, P., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 26–46.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Blumberg, S. J., Foster, E. B., Frasier, A. M., Satorius, J., Skalland, B. J., Nysse-Carris, K. L., et al. (2009). Design and operation of the National Survey of Children's Health, 2007. Vital and Health Statistics, 1, 1–109. Retrieved from http://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/health_statistics/nchs/slaits/nsch07/2_Methodology_Report/NSCH_Design_and_Operations_052109.pdf.
Bouchard, G., Sabourin, S., Lussier, Y., Wright, J., & Richer, C. (1998). Predictive validity of coping strategies on marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 112–131.
Bristol, M. (1987). Mothers of children with autism or communication disorders: Successful adaptation and the double ABCX model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 469–486.
Bristol, M., Gallager, J., & Schopler, E. (1988). Mothers and fathers of young developmentally disabled and nondisabled boys: Adaptation and spousal support. Developmental Psychology, 24, 441–451.
Bromley, J., Hare, D., Davison, K., & Emerson, E. (2004). Mothers supporting children with autistic spectrum disorders: Social support, mental health status, and satisfaction with services. Autism, 8, 409–423.
Brown, R., & Pacinin, J. (1989). Perceived family functioning, marital status, and depression in parents of boys with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 581–587.
Center for Disease Control. (2009). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders–autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58, 1–20.
Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., & Selvin, S. (2002). Descriptive epidemiology of autism in a California population: Who is at risk? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 217–224.
Croen, L. A., Najjar, D. V., Fireman, B., & Grether, J. K. (2007). Maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 334–340.
DeMyer, M. K., & Goldberg, P. (1983). Family needs of the autistic adolescent. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Autism in adolescents and adults (pp. 225–250). New York: Plenum Press.
Fisman, S., Wolf, L., & Noh, S. (1989). Marital intimacy in parents of exceptional children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 519–525.
Freeman, N. L., Perry, A., & Factor, D. C. (1991). Child behaviours as stressors: Replicating and extending the use of the CARS as a measure of stress: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1025–1030.
Gottman, J. (1994). What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Hartley, S., Barker, E., Seltzer, M., Floyd, F., Greenberg, J., Orsmond, G., et al. (2010). The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 449–457.
Heaton, T. B. (2002). Factors contributing to increasing marital stability in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 392–409.
Järbrink, K., Fombonne, E., & Knapp, M. (2003). Measuring the parental, service, and cost impacts of children with autistic spectrum disorder: a pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 395–402.
Joesch, J. M., & Smith, K. R. (1997). Children’s health and their mothers’ risk of divorce or separation. Social Biology, 44(3–4), 159–169.
Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., Volkmar, F. R., Cicchetti, D. V., & Rourke, B. P. (1995). Asperger syndrome. In B. P. Rourke (Ed.), Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: neurodevelopmental manifestations (pp. 93–118). New York: Guilford Press.
Kogan, M., Blumberg, S., Schieve, L., Boyle, C., Perrin, J., Ghandour, R., et al. (2009). Prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in the US, 2007. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1–9.
Lofholm, N. (2008). Autism’s terrible toll: parents risk “hitting a breaking point”. The denver post. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_11116100?source=rss.
Matson, J., & Nebel-Schwalm, M. (2007). Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: An overview. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 341–352.
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56, 289–302.
Mitchell, A. (2006). NBC Chairman Bob Wright and his wife Suzanne talk about the urgency of discovering a cure for Autism with NBC Correspondent Andrea Mitchell. Washington Life Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonlife.com/issues/october-2006/bob-wright/.
Raley, R. K. & Bumpass, L. (2003). The topography of the divorce plateau: Levels and trends in union stability in the United States after 1980. Demographic Research, 8, 245–260. Retrieved from www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol8/8/.
Rao, P., & Beidel, D. (2009). The impact of children with high-functioning autism on parental stress, sibling adjustment, and family functioning. Behavior Modification, 33, 437–451.
Rodrigue, J., Morgan, S., & Geffken, G. (1992). Psychosocial adaptation of fathers of children with autism, down syndrome, and normal development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 22, 249–263.
Rodrigues, A. E., Hall, J. H., & Finchman, F. D. (2005). What predicts divorce and relationship dissolution. In M. A. Fine & J. H. Harvey (Eds.), Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution (pp. 85–112). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2007). Marriage and divorce: Changes and their driving forces. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21, 27–52.
Swaminathan, S., Alexander, G., & Boulet, S. (2006). Delivering a very low birth weight infant and the subsequent risk of divorce or separation. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10, 473–479.
Winfrey, O. (2007). Jenny McCarthy Interviewed by O. Winfrey [Video Recording]. Mothers battle Autism. The Oprah Winfrey Show. Retrieved from http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Mothers-Battle-Autism/slide_number/7#slide.
Wymbs, B., Pelham, W., Molina, B., Gnagy, E., Wilson, T., & Greenhouse, J. (2008). Rate and predictors of divorce among parents of youths with ADHD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 435–744.
Yamada, A., Suzuki, M., Kato, M., Suzuki, M., Tanaka, S., Shindo, T., et al. (2007). Emotional distress and it’s correlates among parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 651–657.
Acknowledgments
This research was not supported by any grants. Portions of this paper were presented as a presentation at the International Meeting for Autism Research, Philadelphia, PA, May 21, 2010. We would like to thank Rebecca Landa, Ph.D., CCC-SLP for her support and contributions to this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Freedman, B.H., Kalb, L.G., Zablotsky, B. et al. Relationship Status Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Population-Based Study. J Autism Dev Disord 42, 539–548 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1269-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1269-y