Abstract
This study explores the design and construction of an ultra-low temperature facility in order to realize the Provisional low-temperature scale from 0.9 mK to 1 K (PLTS-2000) in Japan, to disseminate its use through calibration services, and to study thermometry at low temperatures below 1 K. To this end, a dilution refrigerator was constructed in-house that has four sintered silver discrete heat exchangers for use as a precooling stage of a copper nuclear demagnetization stage. A \(^{3}\text {He}\) melting curve thermometer attached to the mixing chamber flange could be cooled continuously to 4.0 mK using the refrigerator. The dependence of minimum temperatures on circulation rates can be explained by the calculation of Frossati’s formula based on a perfect continuous counterflow heat exchanger model, assuming that the Kapitza resistance has a \(T^{-3}\) temperature dependence. Residual heat leakage to the mixing chamber was estimated to be around 86 nW. A nuclear demagnetization cryostat with a nuclear stage containing an effective amount of copper (51 mol in a 9 T magnetic field) is under construction, and we will presently start to work toward the realization of the PLTS-2000. In this article, the design and performance of the dilution refrigerator are reported.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge valuable discussions with Osamu Tamura, Takeshi Shimazaki, Tohru Nakano, Hirohisa Sakurai, Keishi Toyoda, and Sachiko Takasu. We would like to thank the members of the machine shops of the AIST and Osaka City University for constructing components of the dilution refrigerator and for their other useful technical support.
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Nakagawa, H., Hata, T. Dilution Refrigerator for Nuclear Refrigeration and Cryogenic Thermometry Studies. Int J Thermophys 35, 999–1018 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-014-1670-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-014-1670-9