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Do Predators and Thermoregulation Influence Choice of Sleeping Sites and Sleeping Behavior in Azara’s Owl Monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae) in Northern Argentina?

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Abstract

The spatiotemporal aspects of sleeping behavior are indicative of the ecological pressures that primate species face. We investigated the potential influence of predation and thermoregulatory constraints on sleeping site choice and sleep-related behaviors in a population of cathemeral owl monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae) in Formosa, Argentina. During 10 mo, we recorded data on 153 diurnal sleeping bouts (N = 5 groups), sleeping tree physical characteristics (diameter at breast height [DBH], height, foliage), sleeping sites within the tree, and grouping and positional behavior while sleeping. We also conducted a vegetation survey of potential sleeping trees. Our study groups used only 17 of 58 available tree species, slept in the top fifth of trees, and slept at sites midway between the trunk and crown exterior. Tree DBH, height, and sleeping site height varied among groups according to the forest subtypes within their home ranges. Group members slept in a huddle when temperatures were between 5° and 35°C, and slept separately only with temperatures >20°C. During the wet, hot summer, they slept more frequently under dense foliage; in the dry, cold winter, they preferred sites with light foliage and direct sun exposure, potentially to facilitate sunbathing, which occurred almost exclusively during the winter. While several sleeping site characteristics were consistent with minimizing predation risk, our results also suggest a tradeoff between predator exposure and warmer conditions at sleeping sites, especially during winter. Our results support the predation avoidance and thermoregulatory constraint hypotheses, furthering the possibility that these pressures were also contributing factors in the evolution of their cathemeral activity pattern.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by grants to E. Fernandez-Duque from the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation, Douroucouli Foundation, Dumond Conservancy for Primates and Tropical Forests, Argentinean National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (PIP 0051/98 CONICET), Wenner-Gren Foundation, National Geographic Society, and National Science Foundation (BCS-640 0621020, BCS-837921, BCS-904867, BCS-924352). A. Savagian received financial support from the University of Pennsylvania’s University Scholars program. Thank you to the many students, volunteers, and assistants who were vital in collecting these data during the first years of the Owl Monkey Project. Special thanks go to Mr. F. Middleton, Manager of Estancia Guaycolec, and Ing. A. Casaretto (Bellamar Estancias) for their continued support of the Owl Monkey Project. We thank Dorothy Cheney for her helpful comments on a previous version of this manuscript and Joanna Setchell, Ikki Matsuda, and an anonymous reviewer for comments that have greatly improved the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA

    Amanda Savagian

  2. Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

  3. Proyecto Mirikiná/Fundación ECO, Formosa, 3600, Argentina

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

  4. Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Formosa, Formosa, 3600, Argentina

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

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  1. Amanda Savagian
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  2. Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
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Correspondence to Amanda Savagian.

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Handling Editor: Joanna M. Setchell

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Savagian, A., Fernandez-Duque, E. Do Predators and Thermoregulation Influence Choice of Sleeping Sites and Sleeping Behavior in Azara’s Owl Monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae) in Northern Argentina?. Int J Primatol 38, 80–99 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9946-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9946-5

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