Skip to main content
Log in

Paleontology and Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: The Subversive Role of Statistics at the End of the 19th Century

  • Published:
Journal of the History of Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines the subversive role of statistics paleontology at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. In particular, I will focus on German paleontology and its relationship with statistics. I argue that in paleontology, the quantitative method was questioned and strongly limited by the first decade of the 20th century because, as its opponents noted, when the fossil record is treated statistically, it was found to generate results openly in conflict with the Darwinian theory of evolution. Essentially, statistics questions the gradual mode of evolution and the role of natural selection. The main objections to statistics were addressed during the meetings at the Kaiserlich-Königliche Geologische Reichsanstalt in Vienna in the 1880s. After having introduced the statistical treatment of the fossil record, I will use the works of Charles Léo Lesquereux (1806–1889), Joachim Barrande (1799–1833), and Henry Shaler Williams (1847–1918) to compare the objections raised in Vienna with how the statistical treatment of the data worked in practice. Furthermore, I will discuss the criticisms of Melchior Neumayr (1845–1890), one of the leading German opponents of statistical paleontology, to show why, and to what extent, statistics were questioned in Vienna. The final part of this paper considers what paleontologists can derive from a statistical notion of data: the necessity of opening a discussion about the completeness and nature of the paleontological data. The Vienna discussion about which method paleontologists should follow offers an interesting case study in order to understand the epistemic tensions within paleontology surrounding Darwin’s theory as well as the variety of non-Darwinian alternatives that emerged from the statistical treatment of the fossil record at the end of the 19th century.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anonymous. 1897. Congrès Géologique International. Compte-Rendu de la Sixième Session, en Suisse. Lausanne: Imprimerie Georges Bridel.

  • Bachl-Hofmann, Christina. 1999. “Die Geologische Reichsanstalt von 1849 bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges.” Christina Bachl-Hofmann (ed.), Die Geologische Bundesanstalt in Wien. 150 Jahre Geologie im Dienste Österreichs (1849–1999). Wien: Böhlau.

  • Baron, Walter. 1961. “Zur Stellung von Heirich Georg Bronn (1800–1862) in der Geschichte des Evolutionsgedankens.” Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 45: 97–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrande, Joachim. 1872. Systême silurien du centre de la Bohême. Prague: Chez l’auteur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowler, Peter J. 1996. Life’s Splendid Drama: Evolutionary Biology and the Reconstruction of Life’s Ancestry, 1860–1940. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brice, William R. 2000. “Henry Shaler Williams (1847–1918) and the Pennsylvanian Period.” Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences 22(4): 286–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronn, Heinrich Georg. 1831. Italiens Tertiär-Gebilde und deren organische Einschlüsse: vier Abhandlungen. Heidelberg:Groos.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bronn, Heinrich Georg. 1841–1849. Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.

  • Bronn, Heinrich Georg. 1848. Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur. Dritten Band erste Abtheilung erste Hälfte. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.

  • Bronn, Heinrich Georg. 1849a. Index palaeontologicus oder Übersicht der bis jetzt bekannten fossilen Organismen. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronn, Heinrich Georg. 1849b. Some Considerations on Palaeontological Statics, Drawn up from the “History of Nature” (Geschickte der Nature). The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 5.

  • Bronn, Heinrich Georg. 1858. Untersuchungen über die Entwickelungs-Gesetze der organischen Welt während der Bildungs-Zeit unserer Erd-Oberfläche. Stuttgart:Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne, Janet. 1983. The Secular Ark. Studies in the History of Biogeography. New Haven and London:Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckhardt, Frederick and Smith, Sydney. 1999. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Vol. 11, 1863. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Darwin, Charles. 1860. Über die Entstehung der Arten im Thier- und Pflanzen-Reich durch natürliche Züchtung: oder Erhaltung der vervollkommneten Rassen im Kampfe um’s Daseyn. Trans. Vorrede und andern Zusätzen d. Verf. für diese dt. Ausg. aus d. Engl. Übers. u. mit Anm. vers. von H. G. Bronn. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart.

  • Darwin, Charles. 1964. On the Origin of Species. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin Correspondence Database, Lesquereux, Leo to Darwin, C. R. 14 Dec 1864. 1864. http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-4715. Accessed 01.02.2014.

  • Desrosières, Alain. 1998. The Politics of Large Numbers. A History of Statistical Reasoning. Cambridge. Cambridge:Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, Carl. 1910. Paläontologie und Abstammungslehre. Leipzig:Göschen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldredge, Niles and Gould, Stephen Jay. 1972. “Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism.” Thomas J.M. Schopf (ed.), Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Co.

  • Fleck, Ludwig. 1929. Zur Krise der “Wirklichkeit.” Die Naturwissenschaften 17(23): 425–430.

  • Fuchs, Theodor. 1879. “Über die präsumirte Unvollständigkeit der paläontologischen Ueberlieferung.” Verhandlungen der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt 16: 355.

  • Fuchs, Theodor. 1880. “Ueber einige Grunderscheinungen in der geologischen Entwickelung der organischen Welt.” Verhandlungen der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt 3.

  • Glidoff, Sander. 2008. H.G. Bronn, Ernst Haeckel, and the Origins of German Darwinism. A Study in Translation and Transformation. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

  • Gould, Stephen Jay and Eldredge, Niles. 1977. “Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered.” Paleobiology 3(2): 115–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacking, Ian. 2002. Historical Ontology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hescheler, Karl. 1904. “Palaeontologie und Zoologie.” Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 49.

  • Hoernes, Rudolf. 1880. “Die Unvollständigkeit der paläontologischen Ueberlieferung.” Verhandlungen der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt 2.

  • Hoernes, Rudolf. 1884. Elemente der Palaeontologie (Paleozoologie). Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hoernes, Rudolf. 1911. “Paleontologie und Descendenztheorie.” Mitteil, des naturw. Vereines für Steiermark.

  • Jaekel, O. 1907. Die Bedeutung der Paläontologie als selbständige Wissenschaft: Bibliothek Geowissenschaften Heidelberg - Aus der Bucherei von W. Salomon.

  • Junker, Thomas. 1991. “Heinirch Georg Bronn und die Entstheung der Arten.” Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 75: 180–208.

  • Lesquereux, Leo. 1860a. “On Some Questions Concerning the Coal Formations of North America.” American Journal of Science 30(90): 367–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesquereux, Leo. 1860b. “On Some Questions Concerning the Coal Formations of North America.” American Journal of Science 30(88): 63–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leuckart, Friedrich Sifismunf. 1835. Über die Verbreitung der übriggebliebenen Reste einer vorweltlichen organischen Schöpfung. Freiburg: Universitäts-Buchhandlung und Buchdruckerei aus der GEBB. GROSS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcon, Jules. 1883. “Memoria Jachim Barrande.” Science 43: 669–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, Gaston. 1977. “Keferstein, Christian.” Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 11, p. 392.

  • Neumayr, Melchior. 1878. “Ueber unvermittelt auftretende Cephalopodentypen im Jura Mittel-Europa’s.” Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 28.

  • Neumayr, Melchior. 1889. Die Stämme des Thierreiches. Tempsky: Vienna, Prague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumayr, Melchior and Paul, Carl Maria. 1882. “Die Congerien- und Paludinenschichten Slavoniens und deren Faunen (Ein Beitrag zur Descendenz-Theorie).” Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt in Wien 7: 1–106.

  • Nyhart, Lynn K. 1995. Biology takes Form. Animal Morphology and the German Universities 1800–1900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  • Querner, Hans. 1985. “Heinrich Georg Bronn und seine Entwicklungslehre.” Wilhelm Doerr (ed.), Semper apertus: 600 Jahre Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1386–1986; Festschrift in sechs Bänden. Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert: 1918–1985. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

  • Reif, Wolf-Ernst. 1983. “Evolutionary Theory in German Paleontology.” Marjorie Grene (ed.), Dimensions of Darwinism: Themes and Counterthemes in Twentieth-Century Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Reif, Wolf-Ernst. 1986. “The Search for a Macroevolutionary Theory in German Paleontology.” Journal of the History of Biology 19(1): 79–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolle, Friedrich. 1863. Chs. Darwin’s Lehre von der Entstehung der Arten im Pflanzen- und Thierreich in ihrer Anwendung auf die Schöpfungsgeschichte. Frankfurt am Main: J. C. Hermann.

  • Rolle, Friedrich. 1866. Der Mensch: seine Abstammung und Gesittung, im lichte der Darwin’schen lehre von der Art-Entstehung und auf Grundlage der neuern geologischen Entdeckungen dargestellt. Frankfurt am Main: J. C. Hermann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudwick, Martin J.S. 1978. “Charles Lyell’s Dream of a Statistical Palaeontology.” Palaeontology 21: 225–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rupke, Nicolaas A. 2005. “Neither Creation nor Evolution: The Third Way in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Thinking About the Origin of Species.” Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 10: 143–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schübl, Elmar. 2010. Mineralogie, Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie. Zur Institutionalisierung der Erdwissenschaften an österreichischen Universitäten, vornehmlich an jener in Wien, 1848–1938. Granz: Scripta geo-historica.

  • Sepkoski, David. 2012a. Rereading the Fossil Record: The Growth of Paleobiology as an Evolutionary Discipline. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sepkoski, David. 2012b. “Towards “A Natural History of Data”: Evolving Practices and Epistemologies of Data in Paleontology, 1800–2000.” Journal of the History of Biology 46(3): 401–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sepkoski, David and Ruse, Michael. 2009. The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, George Gaylord. 1944. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J Maynard. 1984. “Palaeontology at the High Table.” Nature 309: 401–402.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamborini, Marco. 2015a. The Constitution of Paleobiological Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Heidelberg.

  • Tamborini, Marco. 2015b. The Paleontological Crisis of Identity. Working Paper.

  • Tamborini, Marco. Under review. Die Wurzeln der ideographischen Paläontologie: Karl Alfred von Zittels Praxis und sein Begriff des Fossils.

  • Tietzte, Emil. 1873. Joachim Barrande: Crustaces divers et poissons des depots siluriens de la Boheme, extrait du supplem, au vol. I du Systeme silurieu du centre de la Boheme. Prag und Paris 1872. Verhandlungen der Geologischen Reichsanstalt.

  • von Zittel, Karl Alfred. 1895. Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie). München: Oldenbourg.

  • von Zittel, Karl Alfred. 1901. History of Geology and Palaeontology. To the end of the nineteenth Century. London: Walter Scott.

  • Waagen, Wilhelm Heinrich. 1869. Die Formenreihe des Ammonites subradiatus: Versuch einer paläontologischen Monographie. Beiträge: Geogn.-paläontol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Henry Shaler. 1895. Geological Biology. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Henry Shaler. 1903a. The Correlation of Geological Faunas: A Contribution to Devonian Paleontology. Series C, Systematic Geology and Paleontology 61(210).

  • Williams, Henry Shaler. 1903b. “Introduction.” Herdman Fitzgerald Cleland (ed.), A Study of the Fauna of the Hamilton Formation of the Cayuga Lake Section in Central New York, Vol. 206. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marco Tamborini.

Additional information

In memory of my mother: “Rest, beloved dust, until the joyful morning.” Fëdor Michajlovič Dostoevskij.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tamborini, M. Paleontology and Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: The Subversive Role of Statistics at the End of the 19th Century. J Hist Biol 48, 575–612 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-015-9402-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-015-9402-y

Keywords

Navigation