Abstract
The Hass cultivar of avocado is the most widely grown commercial cultivar in Mexico. Unfortunately, this cultivar is poorly adapted to the Mexican low-lands with hot dry climates characteristic of northwestern Mexico. Other well-adapted avocado accessions are available for these regions, but their nutritional traits and genetic diversity have yet to be explored. In this study, we analyze oil content, (α-tocopherol) and genetic variation among five local varieties from northwest Mexico that grow in high temperatures regimes in unfertilized soils and without any agronomic management. We report significant phenotypic variability in oil and α-tocopherol components in different accessions of avocado as determined by HPLC. Interestingly, we find higher α-tocopherol content (45.02–50.66 μg/g of fresh pulp) in some local avocados compared to Hass (32.28 μg/g of fresh pulp). The analyzed accessions represent a moderately polymorphic set of genotypes as measured by microsatellite (10 alleles by locus) and SNP (1 SNP every 164.4 bp) analysis of the VTE3 and VTE4 genes, implied in the biosynthesis of tocopherols. SNP data allowed also identifying differences between the local varieties and controls (Hass and the Mexican race accession). The variation observed at the genetic, morphologic and nutritional levels provide significant new information that may be valuable in selecting and developing avocado genotypes adapted to high-temperature environments.
References
Abraham JD, Takrama JF (2014) Genetic characterization of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in two regions of Ghana. Afr J Biotechnol 13:4620–4627. doi:10.5897/AJB2014.14023
Ashworth VETM, Clegg MT (2003) Microsatellite markers in avocado (Persea americana Mill.): genealogical relationships among cultivated avocado genotypes. J Hered 94:407–415. doi:10.1093/jhered/esg076
Calderón-Vázquez C, Durbin LM, Ashworth ETMV, Tommasini L, Meyer KTK, Clegg MT (2013) Quantitative genetic analysis of three important nutritive traits in the fruit of avocado. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 138:283–289
Cerretani L, Lerma-García MJ, Herrero-Martínez JM, Gallina-Toschi T, Simó-Alfonso EF (2010) Determinations of tocopherols and tocotrienols in vegetable oils by nanoliquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible detection using a silica monolithic column. J Agric Food Chem 58:757–761. doi:10.1021/jf9031537
Chen H, Morrell PL, Cruz M, Clegg MT (2008) Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium in wild avocado (Persea americana Mill.). J Hered 99:382–389. doi:10.1093/jhered/esn016
Chen H, Morrell PL, Ashworth VETM, Cruz M, Clegg MT (2009) Tracing the geographic origins of major avocado cultivars. J Hered 100:56–65. doi:10.1093/jhered/esn068
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem Bull 19:11–15
Dreher ML, Davenport AJ (2013) Hass avocado composition and potential health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 53:738–750. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.556759
Gómez-López V (2000) Fruit characterization of Venezuelan avocado varieties of medium oil content. Sci Agric 57:791–794. doi:10.1590/S0103-90162000000400031
Gómez-López V (2002) Fruit characterization of high oil avocado varieties. Sci Agric 59(2):403–406. doi:10.1590/S0103-90162002000200030
Goudet J (2001) fstat, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices. Department of ecology and evolution, Lausanne University, Switzerland. http://www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm. Accessed 26 Nov 2015
Gross-German E, Viruel MA (2013) Molecular characterization of avocado germplasm with a new set of SSR and EST-SSR markers: genetic diversity, population structure, and identification of race-specific markers in a group of cultivated genotypes. Tree Genet Genomes 9:539–555. doi:10.1007/s11295-012-0577-5
Hurtado-Fernández E, Pacchiarotta T, Mayboroda OA, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Carrasco-Pancorbo A (2014) Metabolomic analysis of avocado fruits by GC-APCI-TOF MS: effects of ripening degrees and fruit varieties. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:547–555. doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8283-9
Lee SK, Young RE, Schiffman PM, Coggins CW Jr (1983) Maturity studies of avocado fruit based on picking dates and dry weight. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 108:390–394
Lu Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Lee R, Gao K, Byrns R, Heber D (2009) California Hass avocado: profiling of carotenoids, tocopherol, fatty acid, and fat content during maturation and from different growing areas. J Agric Food Chem 57:408–413. doi:10.1021/jf901839h
Lushchack VI, Semchuk NM (2012) Tocopherol biosynthesis: chemistry, regulation and effects of environmental factors. Acta Physiol Plant 34:1607–1628. doi:10.1007/s11738-012-0988-9
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
Rani A, Kumar V, Verma SK, Shakya AK, Chauhan GS (2007) Tocopherol content and profile of soybean: genotypic variability and correlation studies. J Am Oil Chem Soc 84:377–383. doi:10.1007/s11746-007-1040-x
Rodríguez-Carpena JC, Morcuende D, Andrade MJ, Kylli P, Estévez M (2011) Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) phenolics, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation in porcine patties. J Agric Food Chem 59:5625–5635. doi:10.1021/jf1048832
Shirpoor A, Barmaki H, Khadem-Ansari M, Ikhanizadeh B, Barmaki H (2016) Protective effect of vitamin E against ethanol-induced small intestine damage in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 78:150–155. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.015
SIAP (2015) Servicio de información agroalimentaria y pesquera. http://www.siap.gob.mx/cierre-de-la-produccion-agricola-por-cultivo. Accessed 15 Nov 2015
Stevenson DG, Eller FJ, Wang L, Jane JL, Wang T, Inglett GE (2007) Oil and tocopherol content and composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 55:4005–4013. doi:10.1021/jf0706979
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30(12):2725–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst197
USDA (2015) National nutrient database for standard reference realease 28. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/list. Accessed 15 Nov 2015
Wedding B, Wright C, Grauf S, White RD, Tilse B, Gadek P (2013) Effects of seasonal variability on FT-NIR prediction of dry matter content for whole Hass avocado fruit. Postharvest Biol Technol 75:9–16. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.04.016
Yu L, Li G, Li M, Xu F, Beta T, Bao J (2016) Genotypic variation in phenolic acids, vitamin E and fatty acids in whole grain rice. Food Chem 197:776–782. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.027
Acknowledgements
Funding from SIP-Instituto Politécnico Nacional and UCMexus-CONACYT and to the Fundación Salvador Sanchez Colín for sharing their germplasm bank.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peraza-Magallanes, A.Y., Pereyra-Camacho, M.A., Sandoval-Castro, E. et al. Exploring genetic variation, oil and α-tocopherol content in avocado (Persea americana) from northwestern Mexico. Genet Resour Crop Evol 64, 443–449 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0478-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0478-9