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Glycosylation potential of human prostate cancer cell lines

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Abstract

Altered glycosylation is a universal feature of cancer cells and altered glycans can help cancer cells escape immune surveillance, facilitate tumor invasion, and increase malignancy. The goal of this study was to identify specific glycoenzymes, which could distinguish prostate cancer cells from normal prostatic cells. We investigated enzymatic activities and gene expression levels of key glycosyl- and sulfotransferases responsible for the assembly of O- and N-glycans in several prostatic cells. These cells included immortalized RWPE-1 cells derived from normal prostatic tissues, and prostate cancer cells derived from metastasis in bone (PC-3), brain (DU145), lymph node (LNCaP), and vertebra (VCaP). We found that all cells were capable of synthesizing complex N-glycans and O-glycans with the core 1 structure, and each cell line had characteristic biosynthetic pathways to modify these structures. The in vitro measured activities corresponded well to the mRNA levels of glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. Lectin and antibody binding to whole cells supported these results, which form the basis for the development of tumor cell-specific targeting strategies.

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Abbreviations

FUT:

fucosyltransferase

Gal3ST:

3-O-sulfotransferase

GalT:

galactosyltransferase

GalNAcT:

GalNAc-transferase

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GnT GlcNAcT:

GlcNAc-transferase

GlcNAc6ST:

N-acetylglucosaminyl-6-O-sulfotransferase

HPLC:

high pressure liquid chromatography

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction

ppGalNAcT:

polypeptide GalNAc-transferase

PSA:

prostate specific antigen

SLex :

sialyl-Lewisx

ST3Gal:

α2,3-sialyltransferase

ST6Gal(NAc):

α2,6-sialyltransferase

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the Prostate Cancer Fight Foundation, Motorcycle Ride for Dad (to I.B.), and grants from the Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA 1I1BX000985), the National Institutes of Health (1R21HL097238 and 2RO1HL48282) and the State of Nebraska (LB506)(to P.W.C.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    Yin Gao & Inka Brockhausen

  2. VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA

    Vishwanath B. Chachadi & Pi-Wan Cheng

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

    Vishwanath B. Chachadi & Pi-Wan Cheng

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  1. Yin Gao
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Correspondence to Inka Brockhausen.

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Supplementary Figure 1

Lectin staining of whole prostatic cells. Lectin binding was carried out as described in the Methods section using Ricin (Ricin A chain lectin), WGA (wheat germ agglutinin), MAAII (Maackia amurensis lectin II), SNA (Sambucus nigra lectin), GSL-1 (Griffonia simplicifolia lectin 1), UEA-1 (Ulex eauropaeus lectin 1), PNA (Peanut agglutinin), HP, (Helix pomatia lectin), ConA (Concanavalin A), BSL-1 (Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin 1), DSL ( Datura stramonium lectin). The intensity of absorbance at 405 nm was recorded, normalized to the same cell number of 100,000 cells (Intensity). a, Normal prostatic RWPE-1 cells; b, Prostate cancer cells PC-3; c, DU145 cells; d, LNCaP cells; e, VCaP cells. The error bars show the variations among the 7 samples tested. (PDF 223 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2

ELISA of whole prostatic cells. Prostatic cells were stained as described in the Materials and Methods section using anti-Tn antibody (Tn) anti-sialyl-Tn (STn), anti-sialyl-Lewisx (SLe x), anti- Lewis y (Le y) and anti-Lewis a (Le a) antibodies. The intensity of staining measured at 405 nm , normalized to the same cell number is shown. a, Normal prostatic RWPE-1 cells; b, Prostate cancer cells PC-3; c, DU145 cells; d, LNCaP cells; e, VCaP cells. (PDF 100 kb)

Supplementary Figure 3

Quantitative real time PCR analysis of various glycosyltransferase and sulfotransferase genes in normal and cancerous prostatic cells. The expression levels of glycosyltransferase and sulfotransferase genes are shown. The gene expression levels were calculated by the ΔCt method as described in Materials and Methods and expressed Supplemental Material (Not to be Published) as relative amount to that of GAPDH (100%). The enzyme names are listed in Table 1. Results are shown for B3GNT2 - 5 (Extension β3GlcNAcT), ST3GAL3 - 6 (α2,3-sialyltransferases), GAL3ST1 and 3 (galactosyl-3-O-sulfotransferases); ST6GALNAC1 - 4 (α2,6-sialyltransferases acting on GalNAc) and ST6GAL1 (α2,6-sialyltransferase acting on Gal). The data were obtained from three independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SEM. (PDF 181 kb)

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Gao, Y., Chachadi, V.B., Cheng, PW. et al. Glycosylation potential of human prostate cancer cell lines. Glycoconj J 29, 525–537 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-012-9428-8

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