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Dietary silymarin supplementation promotes growth performance and improves lipid metabolism and health status in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed diets with elevated lipid levels

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Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate whether silymarin supplementation influences growth, lipid metabolism, and health status in grass carp fed elevated dietary lipid levels. The juvenile fish (27.43 ± 0.17 g/tail) were fed six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets in a factorial design containing 0, 100, or 200 mg kg−1 silymarin (SM0, SM100, SM200) associated with either 4 or 8 % lipid level (low lipid, LL, and high lipid, HL, respectively) for 82 days. The results showed that both dietary silymarin supplementation and high lipid level significantly enhanced growth performance (WG, SGR), protein efficiency ratio, and feed utilization. Silymarin supplementation significantly reduced the VSI, hepatic lipid content, and the total bilirubin concentration in the serum. The gallbladdersomatic index displayed higher in the SM100 groups than SM200 groups. Serum total cholesterol content exhibited lower in the SM100 groups than SM0 groups. Meanwhile, significant interactions were shown for hepatic gene expression of HSL and CPT1 by two factors, and SM100 group had higher hepatic gene expression of HSL and CPT1 in fish fed with the HL diets. The SM100 groups up-regulated hepatic gene expressions of HMGCR and CYP7A1 compared with the SM0 groups. Silymarin supplementation notably reduced the elevated serum MDA content induced by HL treatments. Thus, silymarin supplementation markedly promoted growth and protein efficiency, suppressed lipid accumulation, and improved health status in grass carp fed with high-lipid diets, which might be associated with its enhancement of lipolysis and β-oxidation, antioxidant capacity.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase

ATGL:

Adipose triglyceride lipase

CF:

Condition factor

CL:

Crude lipid

CP:

Crude protein

CPT-1:

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1

CYP7A1:

Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase

DFI:

Day feed intake

FAS:

Fatty acid synthase

FBW:

Final average body weight

FCR:

Feed conversion ratio

GI:

Gallbladdersomatic index

Glu:

Glucose

HDL-c:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HL:

High lipid

HMGCR:

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HSI:

Hepatosomatic index

HSL:

Hormone-sensitive lipase

IBW:

Initial average body weight

LDL-c:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LL:

Low lipid

LR:

Lipid retention

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NEFA:

Nonesterified fatty acid

PER:

Protein efficiency ratio

PPV:

Protein productive value

SGR:

Specific growth rate

SM:

Silymarin

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SR:

Survival rate

T-cho:

Total cholesterol

TBil:

Total bilirubin

TG:

Triacylglycerol

VSI:

Viscerosomatic index

WG:

Weight gain

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Acknowledgments

Financial support was provided by the National Basic Research Program of China Project No. 2014CB138603, Plan for Outstanding Young of Beijing Academy of Science and Technology Project No. 201420 and the fund of Beijing sunpu biochem. tech. co., Ltd, China. We thank Hua cheng aquaculture farm (Jiangsu, China) for their juvenile fish and School of Basic Medicine and Biological Science, Soochow University, for rearing condition support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, People’s Republic of China

    Peizhen Xiao, Hong Ji, Yongsheng Chen, Jingjing Tian & Pin Liu

  2. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition of Jiangsu Province, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Soochow, 215123, People’s Republic of China

    Yuantu Ye

  3. Open Lab for Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Beijing Research Institute for Nutritional Resources, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China

    Baotong Zhang

  4. Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People’s Republic of China

    Liqiao Chen & Zhenyu Du

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  1. Peizhen Xiao
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Correspondence to Hong Ji.

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Xiao, P., Ji, H., Ye, Y. et al. Dietary silymarin supplementation promotes growth performance and improves lipid metabolism and health status in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed diets with elevated lipid levels. Fish Physiol Biochem 43, 245–263 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-016-0283-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-016-0283-6

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