Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Feeding motivation as a personality trait in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): role of serotonergic neurotransmission

  • Published:
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Consistent individual variation in behaviour and physiology (i.e. animal personality or coping style) has emerged as a central topic in many biological disciplines. Yet, underlying mechanisms of crucial personality traits like feeding behaviour in novel environments remain unclear. Comparative studies, however, reveal a strong degree of evolutionary conservation of neural mechanisms controlling such behaviours throughout the vertebrate lineage. Previous studies have indicated duration of stress-induced anorexia as a consistent individual characteristic in teleost fishes. This study aims to determine to what degree brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) activity pertains to this aspect of animal personality, as a correlate to feed anticipatory behaviour and recovery of feed intake after transfer to a novel environment. Crucial to the definition of animal personality, a strong degree of individual consistency in different measures of feeding behaviour (feeding latency and feeding score), was demonstrated. Furthermore, low serotonergic activity in the hypothalamus was highly correlated with a personality characterized by high feeding motivation, with feeding motivation represented as an overall measure incorporating several behavioural parameters in a Principle Component Analyses (PCA). This study thus confirms individual variation in brain 5-HT neurotransmission as a correlate to complex behavioural syndromes related to feeding motivation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson WD, Summers CH (2007) Neuroendocrine mechanisms, stress coping strategies, and social dominance: comparative lessons about leadership potential. Ann Am Acad Polit Social Sci 614:102–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barreto RE, Volpato GL (2011) Ventilation rates indicate stress-coping styles in Nile tilapia. J Biosci 36:851–855

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basic D, Winberg S, Schjolden J, Krogdahl A, Höglund E (2012) Context-dependent responses to novelty in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), selected for high and low post-stress cortisol responsiveness. Physiol Behav 105:1175–1181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beekman M, Flachskamm C, Linthorst ACE (2005) Effects of exposure to a predator on behaviour and serotonergic neurotransmission in different brain regions of C57bl/6N mice. Eur J Neurosci 21:2825–2836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benus RF, Bohus B, Koolhaas JM, Vanoortmerssen GA (1991) Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies. Experientia 47:1008–1019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernier NJ (2006) The corticotropin-releasing factor system as a mediator of the appetite-suppressing effects of stress in fish. Gen Comp Endocr 146:45–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernier NJ, Peter RE (2001) The hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis and the control of food intake in teleost fish. Comp Biochem Phys B 129:639–644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea CL, Streicher JM, Mirkes SJ, Sanchez RL, Reddy AP, Cameron JL (2005) Serotonin-related gene expression in female monkeys with individual sensitivity to stress. Neuroscience 132:151–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolhuis JE, Schouten WGP, de Leeuw JA, Schrama JW, Wiegant VA (2004) Individual coping characteristics, rearing conditions and behavioural flexibility in pigs. Behav Brain Res 152:351–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castanheira MF, Herrera M, Costas B, Conceição LEC, Martins CIM (2013) Can we predict personality in fish? Searching for consistency over time and across contexts. PLoS One 8(4):e62037

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad JL, Weinersmith KL, Brodin T, Saltz JB, Sih A (2011) Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management. J Fish Biol 78:395–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coppens CM, de Boer SF, Koolhaas JM (2010) Coping styles and behavioural flexibility: towards underlying mechanisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365:4021–4028

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Pedro N, Pinillos ML, Valenciano AI, Alonso-Bedate M, Delgado MJ (1998) Inhibitory effect of serotonin on feeding behaviour in goldfish: involvement of CRF. Peptides 19:505–511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di-Poï C, Attia J, Bouchut C, Dutto G, Covès D, Beauchaud M (2007) Behavioral and neurophysiological responses of European sea bass groups reared under food constraint. Physiol Behav 90:559–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggert J, Levendosky A, Klump K (2007) Relationships among attachment styles, personality characteristics, and disordered eating. Int J Eat Disorder 40:149–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2005–2013) Cultured aquatic species information programme. Oreochromis niloticus. In: Rakocy JE (ed) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. FAO, Rome. Updated 18 Feb 2005

  • Folkedal O, Stien LH, Torgersen T, Oppedal F, Olsen RE, Fosseidengen JE, Braithwaite VA, Kristiansen TS (2012) Food anticipatory behaviour as an indicator of stress response and recovery in Atlantic salmon post-smolt after exposure to acute temperature fluctuation. Physiol Behav 105:350–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling SD (2001) From mice to men: what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychol Bull 127:45–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groothuis TGG, Carere C (2005) Avian personalities: characterization and epigenesis. Neurosci Biobehav R 29:137–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock SD, Olmstead MC (2011) Animal models of eating disorders. In: Olmstead MC (ed) Animal models of drug addiction. Humana Press, New York, pp 207–234

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hegazi MM, Hasanein SS (2010) Effects of chronic exposure to ammonia concentrations on brain monoamines and ATPases of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Phys C 151:420–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho M-Y, Al-Zahrani SSA, Al-Ruwaitea ASA, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (1998) 5-Hydroxytryptamine and impulse control: prospects for a behavioural analysis. J Psychopharmacol 12:68–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Höglund E, Sørensen C, Bakke MJ, Nilsson GE, Øverli Ø (2007) Attenuation of stress-induced anorexia in brown trout (Salmo trutta) by pre-treatment with dietary L-tryptophan. Brit J Nutr 97:786–789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu JL, Yu L, Sullivan E, Bowman M, Mistlberger RE, Tecott LH (2010) Enhanced food anticipatory activity associated with enhanced activation of extrahypothalamic neural pathways in serotonin2C receptor null mutant mice. PLoS One 5:e11802

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huntingford FA (1976) The relationship between anti-predator behaviour and aggression among conspecifics in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Anim Behav 24:245–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntingford FA, Adams C (2005) Behavioural syndromes in farmed fish: implications for production and welfare. Behaviour 142:1207–1221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kittilsen S, Ellis T, Schjolden J, Braastad BO, Øverli Ø (2009a) Determining stress-responsiveness in family groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using non-invasive measures. Aquaculture 298:146–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kittilsen S, Schjolden J, Beitnes-Johansen I, Shaw JC, Pottinger TG, Sørensen C, Braastad BO, Bakken M, Øverli Ø (2009b) Melanin-based skin spots reflect stress responsiveness in salmonid fish. Horm Behav 56:292–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koolhaas JM (2008) Coping style and immunity in animals: making sense of individual variation. Brain Behav Immun 22:662–667

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koolhaas JM, Korte SM, De Boer SF, Van Der Vegt BJ, Van Reenen CG, Hopster H, De Jong IC, Ruis MAW, Blokhuis HJ (1999) Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23:925–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koolhaas JM, de Boer SF, Buwalda B, van Reenen K (2007) Individual variation in coping with stress: a multidimensional approach of ultimate and proximate mechanisms. Brain Behav Evol 70:218–226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koolhaas JM, de Boer SF, Coppens CM, Buwalda B (2010) Neuroendocrinology of coping styles: towards understanding the biology of individual variation. Front Neuroendocrin 31:307–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korte SM, Koolhas JM, Wingfield JC, McEwen BS (2005) The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:3–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korzan WJ, Summers TR, Summers CH (2000) Monoaminergic activities of limbic regions are elevated during aggression: influence of sympathetic social signaling. Brain Res 870:170–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korzan WJ, Øverli Ø, Summers CH (2006) Future social rank: forecasting status in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis). Acta Ethol 9:48–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz EA, Huber R (2003) Aggression in invertebrates. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13:736–743

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulczykowska E, Vazquez FJS (2010) Neurohormonal regulation of feed intake and response to nutrients in fish: aspects of feeding rhythm and stress. Aquac Res 41:654–667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibowitz SF, Weiss GF, Suh JS (1990) Medial hypothalamic nuclei mediate serotonins inhibitory effect on feeding-behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37:735–742

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepage O, Tottmar O, Winberg S (2002) Elevated dietary intake of L-tryptophan counteracts the stress-induced elevation of plasma cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 205:3679–3687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepage O, Larson ET, Mayer I, Winberg S (2005) Serotonin, but not melatonin, plays a role in shaping dominant-subordinate relationships and aggression in rainbow trout. Horm Behav 48:233–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch K, Gutknecht L (2005) Pharmacogenetics of the serotonin transporter. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29:1062–1073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch KP, Merschdorf U (2000) Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: a molecular psychobiological perspective. Behav Sci Law 18:581–604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin X, Volkoff H, Narnaware Y, Bernier NJ, Peyon P, Peter RE (2000) Brain regulation of feeding behavior and food intake in fish. Comp Biochem Phys A 126:415–434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luedtke S, O’Connor V, Holden-Dye L, Walker RJ (2010) The regulation of feeding and metabolism response to food deprivation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Invert Neurosci 10:63–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukkes JL, Watt MJ, Lowry CA, Forster GL (2009) Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents. Front Behav Neurosci 3:18

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martins CIM, Conceição LEC, Schrama JW (2011a) Consistency of individual variation in feeding behaviour and its relationship with performance traits in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Appl Anim Behav Sci 133:109–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins CIM, Silva PIM, Conceição LEC, Costas B, Höglund E, Øverli Ø, Schrama JW (2011b) Linking fearfulness and coping styles in fish. PLoS One 6:e28084

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martins CIM, Conceição LEC, Schrama JW (2011c) Feeding behaviour and stress response explain individual differences in feed efficiency in juveniles of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 312:192–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins CIM, Galhardo L, Noble C, Damsgard B, Spedicato MT, Zupa W, Beauchaud M, Kulczykowska E, Massabuau JC, Carter T, Planellas SR, Kristiansen T (2012) Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish. Fish Physiol Biochem 38:17–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda K (2009) Recent advances in the regulation of feeding behavior by neuropeptides in fish. In: Roubos EW, Coast GM, Vallarino M (eds) Vaudry H. Trends in comparative endocrinology and neurobiology, Ann NY Acad Sci, pp 241–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda K, Sakashita A, Yokobori E, Azuma M (2012) Neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior and psychomotor activity by neuropeptideY in fish. Neuropeptides 46:275–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miczek KA, Fish EW, De Bold JF, De Almeida RMM (2002) Social and neural determinants of aggressive behavior: pharmacotherapeutic targets at serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems. Psychopharmacology 163:434–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mistlberger RE (1994) Circadian food-anticipatory activity: formal models and physiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18:171–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mistlberger RE (2011) Neurobiology of food anticipatory circadian rhythms. Physiol Behav 104:535–545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega VA, Lovejoy DA, Bernier NJ (2013) Appetite-suppressing effects and interactions of centrally administered corticotropin-releasing factor, urotensin I and serotonin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Front Neurosci 7:196

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Winberg S, Damsgard B, Jobling M (1998) Food intake and spontaneous swimming activity in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus): role of brain serotonergic activity and social interactions. Can J Zool 76:1366–1370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Harris CA, Winberg S (1999) Short-term effects of fights for social dominance and the establishment of dominant-subordinate relationships on brain monoamines and cortisol in rainbow trout. Brain Behav Evol 54:263–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Pottinger TG, Carrick TR, Øverli E, Winberg S (2002) Differences in behaviour between rainbow trout selected for high- and low-stress responsiveness. J Exp Biol 205:391–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Korzan WJ, Höglund E, Winberg S, Bollig H, Watt M, Forster GL, Barton BA, Øverli E, Renner KJ, Summers CH (2004a) Stress coping style predicts aggression and social dominance in rainbow trout. Horm Behav 45:235–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Korzan WJ, Larson ET, Winberg S, Lepage O, Pottinger TG, Renner KJ, Summers CH (2004b) Behavioural and neuroendocrine correlates of displaced aggression in trout. Horm Behav 45:324–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Winberg S, Pottinger TG (2005) Behavioral and neuroendocrine correlates of selection for stress responsiveness in rainbow trout—a review. Integr Comp Biol 45:463–474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Sørensen C, Nilsson GE (2006a) Behavioral indicators of stress-coping style in rainbow trout: do males and females react differently to novelty? Physiol Behav 87:506–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Sørensen C, Kiessling A, Pottinger TG, Gjøen HM (2006b) Selection for improved stress tolerance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leads to reduced feed waste. Aquaculture 261:776–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Øverli Ø, Sørensen C, Pulman KGT, Pottinger TG, Korzan W, Summers CH, Nilsson GE (2007) Evolutionary background for stress coping styles: relationships between physiological, behavioural, and cognitive traits in non-mammalian vertebrates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:396–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov KA, Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP (2012) Genetic determinants of aggression and impulsivity in humans. J Appl Genet 53:61–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Réale D, Reader SM, Sol D, McDougall PT, Dingemanse NJ (2007) Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biol Rev 82:291–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Gomez MD, Kittilsen S, Höglund E, Huntingford FA, Sørensen C, Pottinger TG, Bakken M, Winberg S, Korzan WJ, Øverli Ø (2008) Behavioral plasticity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with divergent coping styles: when doves become hawks. Horm Behav 54:534–538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Gomez MD, Huntingford FA, Øverli Ø, Thörnquist PO, Höglund E (2011) Response to environmental change in rainbow trout selected for divergent stress coping styles. Physiol Behav 102:317–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakharkar AJ, Singru PS, Sarkar K, Subhedar NK (2005) Neuropeptide Y in the forebrain of the adult male Cichlid Fish Oreochromis mossambicus: distribution, effects of castration and testosterone replacement. J Comp Neurol 489:148–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez JA, López-Olmeda JF, Blanco-Vives B, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ (2009) Effects of feeding scheduled on locomotor activity rhythms and stress response in sea bream. Physiol Behav 98:125–129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sargent BJ, Henderson AJ (2011) Targeting 5-HT receptors for the treatment of obesity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 11:52–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schjolden J, Winberg S (2007) Genetically determined variation in stress responsiveness in rainbow trout: behaviour and neurobiology. Brain Behav Evol 70:227–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schjolden J, Stoskhus A, Winberg S (2005) Does individual variation in stress responses and agonistic behavior reflect divergent stress coping strategies in juvenile rainbow trout? Physiol Biochem Zool 78:715–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw JC, Korzan WJ, Carpenter RE, Kuris AM, Lafferty KD, Summers CH, Øverli Ø (2009) Parasite manipulation of brain monoamines in California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) by the trematode Euhaplorchis californensis. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 276:1137–1146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sih A, Bell AM, Johnson JC (2004) Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecol Evol 19:372–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva PIM, Martins CIM, Engrola S, Marino G, Øverli Ø, Conceição LEC (2010) Individual differences in cortisol levels and behaviour of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles: evidence for coping styles. Appl Anim Behav Sci 124:75–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloman KA, Lepage O, Rogers JT, Wood CM, Winberg S (2005) Socially-mediated differences in brain monoamines in rainbow trout: effects of trace metal contaminants. Aquat Toxicol 71:237–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephan FK (2002) The “other” circadian system: food as a Zeitgeber. J Biol Rhythms 17:284–292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Summers CH, Korzan WJ, Lukkes JL, Watt MJ, Forster GL, Øverli Ø, Höglund E, Larson ET, Ronan PJ, Matter JM, Summers TR, Renner KJ, Greenberg N (2005) Does serotonin influence aggression? Comparing regional activity before and during social interaction. Physiol Biochem Zool 78:679–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suomi SJ (2006) Risk, resilience, and gene x environment interactions in rhesus monkeys. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1094:52–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takada Y, Nagai N, Takahashi H, Urano T, Takada A (1998) Increased serotonergic activities inhibit feedings and cause arousal responses in rats. Biog Amines 14:67–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verbeek ME, Drent MPJ, Wiepkema PR (1994) Consistent individual differences in early exploratory behaviour of male great tits. Anim Behav 48:1113–1121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vindas MA, Sørensen C, Johansen IB, Folkedal O, Höglund E, Khan UW, Stien LH, Kristiansen TS, Braastad BO, Øverli Ø (2014) Coping with unpredictability: dopaminergic and neurotrophic responses to omission of expected reward in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 9:e85543

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber RA, Maceira JJP, Mancebo MJ, Peleteiro JB, Martin LOG, Aldegunde M (2012) Effects of acute exposure to exogenous ammonia on cerebral monoaminergic neurotransmitters in juvenile Solea senegalensis. Ecotoxicology 21:362–369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DS, Coleman K, Clark AB, Biederman L (1993) Shy-bold continuum in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus): an ecological study of a psychological trait. J Comp Psychol 107:250–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DS, Clark AB, Coleman K, Dearstyne T (1994) Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals. Trends Ecol Evol 9:442–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winberg S, Lepage O (1998) Elevation of brain 5-HT activity, POMC expression, and plasma cortisol in socially subordinate rainbow trout. Am J Physiol 274:R645–R654

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winberg S, Nilsson GE (1993) Roles of brain monoamine neurotransmitters in agonistic behaviour and stress reactions, with particular reference to fish. Comp Biochem Phys C 106:597–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Winberg S, Nilsson GE, Olsen KH (1992) The effect of stress and starvation on brain-serotonin utilization in Arctic charr (Salvelinus-alpinus). J Exp Biol 165:229–239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winberg S, Øverli Ø, Lepage O (2001) Suppression of aggression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by dietary L-tryptophan. J Exp Biol 204:3867–3876

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study benefited from funding by Project SFRH/BD/44103/2008 from ‘‘Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia’’ (Portugal).

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway

    Patricia I. M. Silva, Hans Magnus Gjøen & Øyvind Øverli

  2. Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Institute of Aquatic Resources, North Sea Center, P.O. Box 101, 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark

    Patricia I. M. Silva & Erik Höglund

  3. Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Patricia I. M. Silva & Catarina I. M. Martins

Authors
  1. Patricia I. M. Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Catarina I. M. Martins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Erik Höglund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hans Magnus Gjøen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Øyvind Øverli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia I. M. Silva.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Silva, P.I.M., Martins, C.I.M., Höglund, E. et al. Feeding motivation as a personality trait in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): role of serotonergic neurotransmission. Fish Physiol Biochem 40, 1547–1557 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-9947-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-9947-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation