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Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses

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Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

Alternative complement pathway

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ASS:

Acid sulfate soils

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

BFM:

Bifidobacteria-fermented milk

BLIS:

Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances

CANON:

Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite

CER:

Conversion efficiency ratio

CF:

Condition factor

DGGE:

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

FCR:

Feed conversion ratio

FER:

Feed efficiency ratio

FISH:

Fluorescent in situ hybridization

FOS:

Fructo-oligosaccharide

GIT:

Gastrointestinal track

HUFA:

Highly unsaturated fatty acid

LAB:

Lactic acid bacteria

LCA:

Life assessment cycle methodology

LDL-C:

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MOS:

Mannose oligosaccharide

ODC:

Ornithine-decarboxylase

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PER:

Protein efficiency ratio

PET:

Probiotic encapsulation technology

PHB:

Poly-hydroxyl butyrate acid

QS:

Quorum sensing

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RPS:

Relative percent survival

SGR:

Specific growth rate

SOD:

Sodium oxidase dismutase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TAN:

Total ammonia nitrogen

TG:

Triglycerides

WGR:

Weight gain rate

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Acknowledgments

The authors are greatly indebted to Dr. S. Ayyappan, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi, India, for his encouragement and constant support. We extend our gratitude to Mr. Asim Kumar Jana for assisting the authors in typing the literature materials.

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  1. Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India

    Bidhan C. De, D. K. Meena, B. K. Behera, Pronob Das & A. P. Sharma

  2. Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India

    Bidhan C. De & P. K. Das Mohapatra

  3. Central Inland Fisheries Research Centre, Regional Centre, Guwahati, 781006, Assam, India

    Pronob Das

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  1. Bidhan C. De
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  2. D. K. Meena
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  5. P. K. Das Mohapatra
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Correspondence to D. K. Meena.

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Bidhan C. De and D. K. Meena have contributed equally to this work.

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C. De, B., Meena, D.K., Behera, B.K. et al. Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses. Fish Physiol Biochem 40, 921–971 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9897-0

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