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Species interactions during diversification and community assembly in Malagasy Miniopterus bats

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Abstract

The habitat first rule (HFR) proposes that radiating species initially diversify into habitat specialists and later into dietary specialists within a given habitat, whereas the general vertebrate model (GVM) adds divergence of sexually selected traits as a possible third axis of specialization subsequent to habitat and dietary divergence. In this study, using 12 Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar we test predictions of the HFR and GVM from ecological and evolutionary perspectives on Grinnellian and Eltonian niche structures. We used environmental niche models (ENMs) to quantify the Grinnellian niche, both for current and last inter-glacial climates. We used null models to examine Eltonian niche patterns of sympatric species in terms of their phylogenetic relatedness and phenotypic and sensory characters associated with the trophic niche—body size, skull morphology and echolocation. As predicted by the HFR, we found evidence for labile Grinnellian niches: there was no similarity in ENMs between sister species; overlap in ENMs was significantly low in >65 % of all possible species pairs; there was no relationship between ENM niche overlap and phylogenetic distances between species; and there was no phylogenetic signal in suitable bioclimatic zones among species. Conversely, we found equivocal support for the HFR regarding Eltonian niche patterns. Closely related species tended to be distributed among ensembles rather than within ensembles, although there was no evidence for overdispersion in phylogenetic patterns in ensembles. In <50 % of the observed combinations of sympatric Miniopterus spp., we found significant signal for overdispersion of phenotypic and sensory characters. We hypothesize that selective processes associated with the adaptive radiation of Miniopterus spp. on Madagascar may have favoured bats to diversify first into broad scale habitat specialists, but argue that understanding the relative influence of bionomic processes at a local spatial scale will require more reciprocal comparisons of Eltonian niches.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Direction Générale de l’Environnement et des Forêts and Madagascar National Parks for providing authorizations for the capture, collection and exportation of animals under a protocol of collaboration between the Département de Biologie Animale (Université d’Antananarivo), Association Vahatra and the Field Museum of Natural History. Financial support for the fieldwork associated with this project was graciously given by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and Volkswagen Foundation. Access to computing and storage facilities owned by parties and projects contributing to the Czech National Grid Infrastructure MetaCentrum, provided under the programme “Projects of Large Infrastructure for Research, Development, and Innovations” (LM2010005), is greatly appreciated. Two anonymous reviewers made valuable comments on a previous version of the manuscript.

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  1. School of Life Sciences, The University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa

    M. Corrie Schoeman & Darina Koubínová

  2. Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Steven M. Goodman

  3. Association Vahatra, B.P. 3972, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar

    Steven M. Goodman

  4. Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France

    Beza Ramasindrazana

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Schoeman, M.C., Goodman, S.M., Ramasindrazana, B. et al. Species interactions during diversification and community assembly in Malagasy Miniopterus bats. Evol Ecol 29, 17–47 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-014-9745-4

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