Abstract
Decentralized forest management is a pivotal approach in Ethiopia for balancing biodiversity conservation with demand for economic development, and for improving forest-dependent local peoples’ livelihoods. With the aim of filling the literature gap on Ethiopia, this paper explores the dynamics of decentralization in the forestry sector using the actor-power-accountability framework. Generally, three forms of decentralization are practiced: deconcentration to government administrative branches, devolution of selected decision-making power to local people, and delegation to enterprises. Although transfer of meaningful discretionary power to local people or to downwardly accountable lower-tier governments is a precondition for achieving positive outcomes from decentralization, this prerequisite has been realized in none of the three forms decentralization. Overall, three important trends emerged from the latest decentralization reform, which was a switch from the conservation-oriented deconcentration form of decentralization to the income generation-oriented delegation form of decentralization. Those trends are as follows: monetary income generation for local people through enterprise, albeit with possible risk of being deprived of income and subsistence opportunities on which local people depend for their livelihoods; moving decision-making power away from the grassroots; and lack of incentive to manage natural forests, a major source of biodiversity.
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Notes
The documents include Ethiopia policy and strategy on forest development, conservation, and utilization; federal proclamation to pronounce the coming into effect of the constitution of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia; federal environmental impact assessment proclamation; federal environmental protection organs establishment proclamation; federal land administration and land use proclamation; federal proclamation to provide for the development, conservation, and utilization of forests; growth and transformation plan (GTP) 2010/2011–2014/2015 (draft); PASDEP: a plan for accelerated and sustained development to end poverty (PASDEP) (2005/2006–2009/2010); Oromia revised regional proclamation; forest proclamation of Oromia region; a proclamation for the reorganization and redefinition of the power and duties of the executive organs of Oromia regional state; a proclamation to provide for the establishment of Oromia bureau of land and environmental protection; a regulation to provide for the establishment of Oromia regional state forest and wildlife enterprise; an agreement signed between FUGs (cooperatives) and government representatives; and the internal bylaws of FUGs.
The interviewees were from these organizations (numbers of interviewees are in brackets): Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) [3]; environmental protection authority (EPA)[1]; Oromia agriculture and rural development bureau (OARDB), natural resource core process [3]; Oromia bureau of land and environmental protection (OBLEP), environmental protection core process [1]; OBLEP, land use planning core process [1]; Oromia forest and wildlife enterprise (OFWE), head office [3]; OFWE, branch office [2]; OFWE, district office [4]; zone administrative office [1]; Woreda government [1]; Woreda judiciary [3]; Woreda agriculture and rural development office (WARDO) [4]; Woreda land and environmental protection office (WLEPO), Environmental protection work process [2]; WLEPO land use planning work process [1]; peasant associations (PAs) [3]; Melka Mahber NGO [1]; Oromia water work design and supervision enterprise [1]; and local people [upper class 3, lower class 6].
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Acknowledgments
The fieldwork for this research was supported financially by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) supported by the Government of Japan (No. 19208014, project leader: Makoto Inoue). It does not represent the views of the Japanese government.
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Mohammed, A.J., Inoue, M. Exploring decentralized forest management in Ethiopia using actor-power-accountability framework: case study in West Shoa zone. Environ Dev Sustain 15, 807–825 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9407-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9407-z