Abstract
The environment is witnessing a downgrade caused by the amelioration of the industrial and agricultural sectors, namely, soil and sediment compartments. For those reasons, a comparative study was done between soil cores and sediments taken from two locations in the Qaraaoun reservoir, Lebanon. The soil cores were partitioned into several layers. Each layer was analyzed for several physicochemical parameters, such as functional groups, particle size distribution, ζ-potential, texture, pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, active and total calcareous, available sodium and potassium, and metal content (cadmium, copper, and lead). The metal content of each site was linked to soil composition and characteristics. The two sites showed distinguishable characteristics for features such as organic matter, pH, mineral fraction, calcareous, and metal content. The samples taken toward the south site (Q1), though contain lower organic matter than the other but are more calcareous, showed higher metal content in comparison to the other site (Q2) (average metal content of Q1 > Q2; for Cd 3.8 > 1.8 mg/kg, Cu 28.6 > 21.9 mg/kg, Pb 26.7 > 19 mg/kg). However, the metal content in this study did not correlate as much to the organic matter; rather, it was influenced by the location of the samples with respect to the dam, the reservoir’s hydrodynamics, the calcareous nature of the soil, and the variation of the industrial and agricultural influence on each site.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Salam, M. A., & Salem, H. M. (2012). Interaction between potassium and organic manure application on growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and soil properties in newly reclaimed sandy soil. World Journal Agricultural Science, 8(2), 141–149.
Abi-Ghanem, C., Bermond, A., Besançon, S., Nakhlé, K., & Khalaf, G. (2009). Cd and Pb extractability with EDTA in sediments of three contrasted sites of the Lebanese coast. Lebanon Science Journal, 10(2), 33–48.
Adriano, D. C. (2001). Trace elements in terrestrial environments: biogeochemistry bioavailability and risks of metals. New York: Springer.
ASTM D 2974. (2007). Standard test methods for moisture, ash, and organic matter of peat and other organic soils, American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia, PA, USA, 4p.
Atekwana, E. A., Atekwana, E. A., Rowe, R. S., Werkema, D. D., & Legall, F. D. (2004). The relationship of total dissolved solids measurements to bulk electrical conductivity in an aquifer contaminated with hydrocarbon. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 56(4), 281–294.
Bai, E., Boutton, T. W., Liu, F., Wu, X. B., Hallmark, C. T., & Archer, S. R. (2012). Spatial variation of soil δ13C and its relation to carbon input and soil texture in a subtropical lowland woodland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 44(1), 102–112.
Baize, D., & Girard, M. C. A. F. E. S. (1992). Rèfèrentiel pèdologique: principaux sols d’Europe. Paris: INRA Èditions.
Baize, D., Girard, M. C., & AFES (Association française pour l’etude du sol). (1995). Référentiel pédologique. Paris: INRA.
Bentum, J. K., Anang, M., Boado, K. O., Koranteng-Addo, E. J., & Owusu Antwi, E. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals pollution of sediments from Fosu lagoon in Ghana. Bio Chemistry Society Ethiopian, 25(2), 191–196.
Buccolieri, A., Buccolieri, G., Cardellicchio, N., Dell’Atti, A., Di Leo, A., & Maci, A. (2006). Heavy metals in marine sediments of Taranto gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Marine Chemistry, 99(1–4), 227–235.
Callaway, J. C., Delaune, R. D., & Patrick, W. H. (1998). Heavy metal chronologies in selected coastal wetlands from Northern Europe. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(1), 82–96.
Carrillo-Gonzalez, R., Simunek, J., Sauvé, S., & Adriano, D. (2006). Mechanisms and pathways of trace element mobility in soils. Advances in Agronomy, 91, 111–178.
Cavallaro, N., & McBride, M. B. (1978). Copper and cadmium adsorption characteristics of selected acid and calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(4), 550–556.
CCME. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. (2002). Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life (ISQGs) summary tables. Retrieved from www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/sedqg_summary_table.pdf. Accessed Dec 2011.
Chesworth, W. (ed) (2008). Encyclopedia of soil science. Springer. The Netherlands.
Cottenic, A., & Verloo, M. (1984). Analytical diagnosis of soil pollution with heavy metals. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 317(3–4), 389–393.
Demirbas, A., Pehlivan, E., Gode, F., Altun, T., & Arslan, G. (2005). Adsorption of Cu (II), Zn (II), Ni (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) from aqueous solution on Amberlite IR-120 synthetic resin. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 282(1), 20–25.
Du Laing, G., Vandecasteele, B., De Grauwe, P., Moors, W., Lesage, E., Meers, E., Tack, F. M., & Verloo, M. G. (2007). Factors affecting metal concentrations in the upper sediment layer of intertidal reedbeds along the river Scheldt. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 9(5), 449–455.
Du Laing, G., Rinklebe, J., Vandecasteele, B., Meers, E., & Tack, E. M. G. (2009). Trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 407(13), 3972–3985.
Dudley, L. M., McLean, J. E., Sims, R. C., & Jurinak, J. J. (1988). Sorption of copper and cadmium from the water soluble fraction of an acid mine waste by two calcareous soils. Soil Science, 145(3), 207–214.
Dudley, L. M., McLean, J. E., Furst, T. H., & Jurinak, J. J. (1991). Sorption of cadmium and copper from an acid mine waste extract by two calcareous soils: column studies. Soil Science, 151(2), 121–135.
ELARD. (2011). Business plan for combating pollution of the Qaraoun Lake. Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development S.A.R.L. Beirut: UNDP.
EN ISO 10693 (2014) Qualité du sol—détermination de la teneur en carbonate—méthode volumétrique, AFNOR, 11p
Eriksson, J. E. (1988). The effects of clay, organic matter and time on adsorption and plant uptake of cadmium added to the soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 40, 359–373.
Foth, H. (1990). Fundamentals of soil science (8th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Greenwood, R., & Kendall, K. (1999). Selection of suitable dispersants for aqueous suspensions of zirconia and titania powders using acoustophoresis. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 19, 479–488.
Hafizur Rahman, S., Khanam, D., Mehedi Adyel, T., Shahidul Islam, M., Aminul Ahsan, M., & Ahedul Akbor, M. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around Dhaka export processing zone (DEPZ), Bangladesh: implication of seasonal variation and indices. Applied Sciences, 2, 584–601.
Horowitz, A. J., Elrick, K. A., & Hooper, R. P. (2006). The prediction of aquatic sediment-associated trace element concentrations using selected geochemical factors. Hydrological Processes, 3(4), 347–364.
Hseu, Z., Chen, Z., Tsai, C., Tsui, C., Cheng, S., Liu, C., & Lin, H. (2002). Digestion methods for total heavy metals in sediments and soils. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 141(1–4), 189–205.
Hubert, F. (2006). Modelisation des diffractogrammes de mineraux argileux en assemblages complexes dans deux sols de climat tempere. Implications mineralogique et pedologique. PhD thesis. Poitiers University, France.
Jurdi, M., Korfali, S., Karahagopian, N., Kreidieh, K. (2011). Wet season water quality survey of the Litani river basin project. American University of Beirut (AUB), Lebanon.
Kanbar, H.J., (2012). Trace-metal mobility in soil-water interface in an agricultural watershed and an industrial region in Lebanon. M.Sc thesis. Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon.
Kassir, L. N., Darwish, T., Shaban, A., Lartiges, B., & Ouaini, N. (2012). Mobility of selected trace elements in Mediterranean red soil amended with phosphogypsum: experimental study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(7), 4397–4412.
Kumar, B., Kumar, S., Mishra, M., Singh, S. K., Prakash, D., Sharma, C. S., & Mukherjee, D. P. (2011). Geochemical fractionation of some heavy metals in soils in the vicinity of Sukinda mining area. Orissa Advanced Applications Science Research, 2(5), 263–272.
Martin, J., & Whitfield, M. (1983). The significance of the river input of chemical elements to the ocean. Trace Metals in Sea Water, 9, 265–296.
Matabadal, A. (2013). Country report Lebanon. Rabobank. Rabobank, The Netherlands.
McBride, M. B., & Bouldin, D. R. (1984). Long-term reactions of copper II in a contaminated calcareous soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48(1), 59–59.
Mclean, J.E., Bledsoe, B.E. (1992). Ground water issue, behavior of metals in soils. EPA/540/S-92/018. Utah, USA.
MoE/LEDO (Ministry of Environment/ Lebanese Environment and Development Observatory. (2001). State of the environment report, Lebanon.
Mohiuddin, K. M., Ogawa, Y., Zakir, H. M., Otomo, K., & Shikazono, N. (2011). Heavy metals contamination in water and sediments of an urban river in a developing country. International Journal Environment Science Technology, 8(4), 723–736.
Murray, K. S., Rogers, D. T., & Kaufman, M. M. (2004). Heavy metals in an urban watershed. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33(1), 163–172.
NF ISO 10390 (2005) Qualité du sol—détermination du pH, AFNOR, 11p.
NF ISO 11265 (1995) Qualité du sol—détermination de la conductivité électrique spécifique, AFNOR, 7p.
NF ISO 11466 (1995) Qualité du sol —extraction des éléments en traces solubles dans l’eau regale, AFNOR, 10p.
NF X31-106 (2002) Qualité des sols—détermination du calcaire actif, AFNOR, 6p.
NF X31-107 (2003) Qualité du sol—détermination de la distribution granulométrique des particules du sol—méthode à la pipette, AFNOR, 20p.
NF X31-109 (1993) Qualité du sol—détermination du carbone organique par oxydation sulfochromique, AFNOR, 7p.
NGSO. The National Guidelines and Standards Office. (2005). The Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. www.ec.gc.ca/ceqg-rcqe/English/default.cfm. Accessed May 2005
OECD. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2004). Test No. 312: leaching in soil columns. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 3, OECD Publishing.
P05-002A, Harron, W. R. A., Webster, G. R., & Cairns, R. R. (1983). Relationships between exchangeable sodium and sodium adsorption ratio in a solonetzic soil association. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 63, 461–467.
Papadopoulos, P., & Rowell, D. L. (1988). The reactions of cadmium with calcium carbonate surfaces. European Journal of Soil Science, 39(1), 23–36.
Santillan-Medrano, J., & Jurinak, J. J. (1975). The chemistry of lead and cadmium in soil: solid phase formation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 39(5), 851–856.
Schmidt, J. (Ed.). (2000). Soil erosion: application of physically based models. Freiberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
Schulz-Zunkel, C., & Krueger, F. (2009). Trace metal dynamics in floodplain soils of the river Elbe: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38(4), 1349–1362.
Shaban, A., & Nassif, N. (2007). Pollution in Qaraaoun Lake, Central Lebanon. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 15(11), 1–14.
Shafie, N. A., Aris, A. Z., Zakaria, M. P., Haris, H., Lim, W. Y., & Isa, N. M. (2013). Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors on the assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A Environmental Science, 48, 182–190.
Shriadah, M. M. A. (1999). Heavy metals in mangrove sediments of the United Arab Emirates shoreline (Arabian Gulf). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 116(3–4), 523–534.
Smil, V. (2002). A handbook of industrial ecology. Part IV: industrial ecology at the national/regional level (p. 680). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Soares, H. M. V. M., Boaventura, R. A. R., Machado, A. A. S. C., & Esteves da Silva, J. C. G. (1999). Sediments as monitors of heavy metal contamination in the Ave River Basin (Portugal): multivariate analysis of data. Environmental Pollution, 105(3), 311–323.
Somasundaran, P. (Ed.). (2006). Encyclopedia of surface and colloid science, vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Florida: CRC Press.
Sukreeyapongse, O., Holm, P. E., Strobel, B. W., Panichsakpatana, S., Magid, J., & Hansen, H. C. (2002). pH-dependent release of cadmium, copper, and lead from natural and sludge-amended soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31(6), 1901–1909.
Takai, Y., & Asami, T. (1962). Formation of methyl mercaptan in paddy poils l. Journal Soil Science Plant Nutrition, 8(3), 40–44.
Thien, S. J., & Graveel, J. G. (2003). Laboratory manual for soil science, agricultural and environmental principles Preliminary. Iowa: Kendall/Hunt publishing company.
Tokalioglu, S., Kartal, S., & Birol, G. (2003). Comparison of three sequential extraction procedure for portioning of heavy metals in car park dust. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 5, 468–476.
USAID. United States Agency for International Development. (2005a). Litani water quality management project (BAMAS). Technical survey report, summer conditions. Beirut: USAID.
USAID. United States Agency for International Development. (2005b). Litani water quality management project (BAMAS). Beirut: Final report. USAID.
Van der Gaag, M. A., Stortelder, P. B. M., Van Der Kooy, L. A., & Bruggeman, W. A. (1991). Setting environmental quality criteria for water and sediments in the Netherlands: a programmatic ecotoxicological approach. Europe Water Pollut Control, 1(3), 13–20.
Yisa, J., Jacob, J. O., & Onoyima, C. C. (2012). Assessment of toxic levels of some heavy metals in road deposited sediments in Suleja. Nigeria American Journal Chemistry, 2(2), 34–37.
Zaranyika, M. F., & Chirinda, T. (2011). Heavy metal speciation trends in mine slime dams: a case study of slime dams at a goldmine in Zimbabwe. Journal Environment Chemistry Ecotoxicoly, 3(5), 103–115.
Zheng, S., & Zhang, M. (2011). Effect of moisture regime on the redistribution of heavy metals in paddy soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 12(3), 434–443.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the research grant programs of the Lebanese University and the Lebanese Council for Scientific Research (CNRS). We also acknowledge the support of “Projets de Coopération Scientifique Inter-universitaire” (PCSI) programs in the “Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie” (AUF).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kanbar, H.J., Hanna, N., El Samrani, A.G. et al. Metal binding in soil cores and sediments in the vicinity of a dammed agricultural and industrial watershed. Environ Monit Assess 186, 8793–8806 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4044-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4044-7