Abstract
The rate of heavy metal pollution in some minor fruit samples growing at roadsides in Turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mineral contents of samples were found to be different depending on the several parts Citrus fruits. The highest minor and heavy metal levels for Citrus fruits were determined between 17.24 and 45.30 mg/kg boron, 2.08 and 15.05 mg/kg copper, 1.01 and 16.00 mg/kg iron and 2.35 and 9.87 mg/kg zinc. Boron content ranged from 16.54 mg/kg (Deveci pear inner pulp) to 89.89 mg/kg (Arjantin apple outer skin). The level of Fe ranged from 1.49 mg/kg (quince pulp) to 25.05 mg/kg (Ankara pear pulp). Cu content of fruits ranged between 2.52 mg/kg (Fuji apple skin) and 25.93 mg/kg quince skin). Zn content was found between 0.46 mg/kg (Golden apple pulp) and 14.34 mg/kg (quince skin). P contents ranged from 651 mg/kg (Golden apple pulp) to 1269 mg/kg (quince skin). Na was found between 500 mg/kg (Fuji apple skin) and 907 mg/kg (Arjantin apple skin).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akesson, A., Julin, B., & Wolk, A. (2008). Long-term dietary cadmium intake and postmenopausal endometrial cancer incidence: A population-based prospective cohort study. Cancer Research, 68, 6435–6441.
Angelova, V., & Ivanov, K. (2009). Bio-accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in black mustard (Brassica nigra Koch). Environ Monitoring Assess, 153, 449–459.
Antonious, G. F., & Kochhar, T. S. (2009). Mobility of heavy metals from soil into hot pepper fruits: A field study. Bull Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 82, 59–63.
Bosque, M. A., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J. L., & Llobet, J. M. (1990). Concentrations of lead and cadmium in edible vegetables from Tarragona Province. Spain Science Total Environment, 95, 61–67.
Ellen, G., van Loon, J. W., & Tolsma, K. (1990). Heavy metals in vegetables grown in the Netherlands and in domestic and imported fruits. Zeit Lebensmittel Unter Forschung A, 190, 34–39.
Ergon, P. K., Tepe, A. G., Elm, M. S., & Tadic, S. D. (1999). Hepatichyperplasia and cancer in rats: Alterations in copper metabolism. Carcinogenesis, 20, 1091–1096.
Feig, D. I., Reid, T. M., & Loeb, L. A. (1994). Reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cancer Research, 54, 1890–1894.
Golia, E. E., Dimirkou, A., & Mitsios, I. K. (2008). Influence of some soil parameters on heavy metals accumulation by vegetables grown in agricultural soils of different soil orders. Bull Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 81, 80–84.
Gupta, S., Satpati, S., Nayek, S., & Garai, D. (2009). Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 165, 169–177.
Hu, X., & Ding, Z. (2009). Lead/cadmium contamination and lead isotopic rations in vegetables grown in peri-urban and mining/smelting contaminated sites in Nanjing, China. Bull Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 82, 80–84.
Jansson, G. (2002). Cadmium in Arable Crops. Doctoral Thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Uppsala.
Maleki, A., & Zarasvand, M. A. (2008). Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intake in Sanandaj, Iran. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine Public Health, 39, 335–340.
Moore, J. N., & Luoma, S. N. (1990). Hazardous waste from large scale metal extraction. A case study. Environmental Science Technology, 24, 1278–1285.
Mor, F., & Ceylan, S. (2008). Cadmium and lead contamination in vegetables collected from industrial, traffic and rural areas in Bursa Province, Turkey. Food Additive Contamination Part A, 25, 611–615.
Morton-Bermea, O., Hernández-Álvarez, E., González-Hernández, G., Romero, F., Lozano, R., & Beramendi-Orosco, L. E. (2008). Assesment of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoils from the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 98, 43–56.
O’Connell, D. W., Birkinshaw, C., & O’Dwyer, T. F. (2008). Heavy metal adsorbents prepared from the modification of cellulose: A review. Bioresource Technology, 99, 6709–6724.
Perello, G., Marti-Cid, R., Llobet, J. M., & Domingo, J. L. (2008). Effects of various cooking processes on the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in foods. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 56, 11262–11269.
Püskülcü, H., & İkiz, F. (1989). Introduction to Statistic (p. 333). Bornova, İzmir, Turkey: Bilgehan Press (in Turkish).
Sachan, S., Singh, S. K., & Srivastava, P. C. (2007). Buildup of heavy metals in soil–water–plant continuum as influenced by irrigation with contaminated effluent. Journal of Environmental Science Engineering, 49, 293–296.
Samsqe-Petersen, Larsen, E. H., Larsen, P. B., & Bruun, P. (2002). Uptake of trace elements and PAHs by fruit and vegetables from contaminated soils. Environmental Science Technology, 36, 3057–3063.
Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M., & Marshall, F. M. (2009). Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. Food Chemical Toxicology, 47, 583–591.
Skujins, S. (1998). Handbook for ICP-AES (Varian-Vista). A short guide to vista series ICP-AES Operation (p. 29). Varian Int. AGşZug. Version 1.0., Switzerland.
Szymczak, J., Ilow, R., & Regulska-Ilow, B. (1993). Levels of copper and zinc in vegetables. fruit and cereal from areas differing in the degree of industrial pollution and from greenhouses. Roczniki PanÂstwowego Zakø adu Higieny, 44, 347–359.
Thomas, L. D., Hodgson, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Jarup, L. (2009). Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals. Environmental Health Perspective, 117, 181–184.
Trichopoulos, D. (1997). Epidemiology of cancer. In Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology (pp. 231–258). Lippincott, Philadelphia.
Türkdoǧan, M. K., Kilicel, F., Kara, K., Tuncer, I., & Uygan, I. (2002). Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 13, 175–179.
Xie, M., Bohlen, V. A., Klockenkamper, R., Jian, X., & Gunter, K. (1998). Multi element analysis of Chinese tea (Camellia sinensis) by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence. Zeit Lebensmittel Unters Forschung A, 207, 31–38.
Weigert, P. (1991). Metal loads of food of vegetable origin including mushrooms. In E. Merian (Ed.), Metals and their compounds in the environment: Occurrence, analysis and biological relevance (pp. 458–468). Weinheim: VCH.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Özcan, M.M., Harmankaya, M. & Gezgin, S. Mineral and heavy metal contents of the outer and inner tissues of commonly used fruits. Environ Monit Assess 184, 313–320 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1969-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1969-y