Abstract
Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) is a mid- to late-season fungal disease complex that blemishes apples and other tree fruit crops in humid regions worldwide. SBFS is a concern for apple growers in northeastern Turkey, but the composition of the SBFS species assemblage in Turkey is unknown. In this study, SBFS fungi were isolated from apples collected in 2008 in the Rize Province of northeastern Turkey. Pressed SBFS colonies with subtending apple cuticle were shipped to Iowa State University for isolation. Of 633 primary isolates from 148 apple peels, 87 cultures were purified, 67 isolates were genetically characterized and 33 isolates examined for morphology. The internal transcriber spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA and a portion of the 28S large subunit region (LSU) were compared to previously identified fungi using parsimony analysis. Putative species were delineated from ITS sequences as well as morphology on apple and in culture. Twelve species were delineated based on parsimony analysis of ITS sequences and morphology. A newly discovered and described species from the survey was Scleroramularia abundans; newly discovered putative species included Zygophiala sp. FS3.3, Stomiopeltis spp. RS7.1 and RS7.2, and Chaetothyriales sp. F1; previously recovered putative species included Zygophiala sp. FS6 and Stomiopeltis sp. RS4.1; and previously discovered and named SBFS species included Schizothyrium pomi, Zygophiala wisconsinensis, Microcyclosporella mali, Microcyclospora tardicrescens, and Peltaster fructicola. Based on parsimony analysis of the LSU, one species was placed in the subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae and 11 species were placed in subclass Dothideomycetidae. Ten species were placed in the order Capnodiales. These findings expand the documented extent of genetic diversity within the worldwide SBFS complex and are the first published description of the composition of the SBFS complex from Turkey.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Batzer, J. C., Gleason, M. L., Harrington, T. C., & Tiffany, L. H. (2005). Expansion of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apples based on analysis of ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphology. Mycologia, 97, 1268–1286.
Batzer, J. C., Díaz-Arias, M. M., Harrington, T. C., Gleason, M. L., Groenewald, J. Z., & Crous, P. W. (2008). Four species of Zygophiala (Schizothyriaceae, Capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple. Mycologia, 100, 246–258.
Batzer, J. C., Hernandez Rincon, S., Mueller, D. S., Petersen, B. J., Le Corronc, F., McManus, P. S., et al. (2010). Effect of temperature and nutrient concentration on the growth of six species of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 49, 3–10.
Batzer, J.C., Sisson, A.J., Harrington, T.C., Mayfield, D.A., Gleason, M.L. (2012). Temporal patterns in appearance of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi on apples. Microbial Ecology, 64, 928–941.
Blaser, J. M., Karakaya, A., Mayfield, D. A., Batzer, J. C., & Gleason, M. L. (2010). Diversity of sooty blotch and flyspeck from apples in northeastern Turkey. (Abstr.). Phytopathology, 100, S15.
Colby, A. S. (1920). Sooty blotch of pomaceous fruits. Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science, 13, 139–179.
Díaz Arias, M. M., Batzer, J. C., Wang Wong, A., Bost, S. C., Cooley, D. R., Ellis, M. A., et al. (2010). Diversity and biogeography of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi on apple in the eastern and midwestern United States. Phytopathology, 100, 345–355.
FAO Statistical Database. Retrieved February 10, 2012, from http://faostat.fao.org/.
Fisher, N. L., Burgess, L. W., Tousson, T. A., & Nelson, P. E. (1982). Carnation leaves as a substrate and for preserving cultures of Fusarium species. Phytopathology, 72, 151–153.
Frank, J., Crous, P. W., Groenewald, J. Z., Oertel, B., Hyde, K. D., Phengsintham, P., et al. (2010). Microcyclospora and Microcyclosporella: novel genera accommodating epiphytic fungi causing sooty blotch on apple. Persoonia, 24, 93–105.
Gharghani, A., Zabihollah, Z., Talaie, A., Oraguzie, N. C., Fatahi, R., Hajnajari, H., et al. (2009). Genetic identity and relationships of Iranian apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cultivars and landraces, wild Malus species and representative old apple cultivars based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 56, 829–842.
Gleason, M. L., Batzer, J. C., Guangyu, S., Zhang, R., Díaz-Arias, M. M., Sutton, T. B., et al. (2011). A new view of sooty blotch and flyspeck. Plant Disease, 95, 368–383.
Groves, A. B. (1933). A study of the sooty blotch disease of apples and casual fungus Gloeodes pomigena. Virginia Agriculture Experimental Station Bulletin, 50, 1–43.
Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Hickey, K.D. (1960). The sooty blotch and flyspeck diseases of apple with emphasis on variation within Gloeodes pomigena (SCW.) Colby. PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University
Ivanović, M. M., Ivanović, M. S., Batzer, J. C., Tatalović, N., Oertel, B., Latinović, J., et al. (2010). Fungi in the apple sooty blotch and flyspeck complex from Serbia and Montenegro. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92, 65–72.
Li, H. Y., Zhang, R., Sun, G., Batzer, J. C., & Gleason, M. L. (2010). New species and record of Zygophiala on apple fruit from China. Mycological Progress, 9, 245–252.
Li, H. Y., Sun, G., Batzer, J. C., Crous, P. W., Groenewald, J. Z., Karakaya, A., et al. (2011). Scleroramularia gen. nov. associated with sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple and pawpaw form the Northern Hemisphere. Fungal Diversity, 46, 53–66.
Ridgway, R. (1912). Color standards and color nomenclature. Baltimore: Press of a Hoen and Company.
Sutton, A. L., & Sutton, T. B. (1994). The distribution of the mycelial types of Gloeodes pomigena on apples in North Carolina and their relationship to environmental conditions. Plant Disease, 78, 668–673.
Swofford, D. L. (2002). PAUP. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods). Version 4.0. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Tarnowski, T. B., Batzer, J. C., Gleason, M. L., Helland, S., & Dixon, P. (2003). Sensitivity of newly identified clades in the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple to thiophanate-methyl and ziram. Online. Plant Health Progress. doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-12XX-01-RS.
Vilgalys, R., & Hester, M. (1990). Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 4238–4246.
Voglmayr, H., Mayer, V., Maschwitz, U., Moog, J., Djieto-Lordon, C., & Blatrix, R. (2011). The diversity of ant-associated black yeasts: insights into a newly discovered world of symbiotic interactions. Fungal Biology, 115(10), 1077–1091.
White, T. J., Bruns, T., & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Snisky, & J. W. White (Eds.), PCR protocols: A guide to molecular methods and amplifications (pp. 315–322). New York: Academic Press.
Williamson, S. M., & Sutton, T. B. (2000). Sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple: etiology, biology, and control. Plant Disease, 84, 714–724.
Wrona, B., & Grabowski, M. (2004). Etiology of apple sooty blotch in Poland. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 44, 293–297.
Yang, H. L., Sun, G. Y., Batzer, J. C., Crous, P. W., Groenewald, J. Z., & Gleason, M. L. (2010). Novel fungal genera and species associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple in China and the United States. Persoonia, 24, 29–37.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mayfield, D.A., Karakaya, A., Batzer, J.C. et al. Diversity of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi from apples in northeastern Turkey. Eur J Plant Pathol 135, 805–815 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-0123-1
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-0123-1