Abstract
Urban expansion in areas of active and legacy mining imposes a sustainability challenge, especially in arid environments where cities compete for resources with agriculture and industry. The city of Copiapó, with 150,000 inhabitants in the Atacama Desert, reflects this challenge. More than 30 abandoned tailings from legacy mining are scattered throughout its urban and peri-urban area, which include an active copper smelter. Despite the public concern generated by the mining-related pollution, no geochemical information is currently available for Copiapó, particularly for metal concentration in environmental solid phases. A geochemical screening of soils (n = 42), street dusts (n = 71) and tailings (n = 68) was conducted in November 2014 and April 2015. Organic matter, pH and elemental composition measurements were taken. Notably, copper in soils (60–2120 mg/kg) and street dusts (110–10,200 mg/kg) consistently exceeded international guidelines for residential and industrial use, while a lower proportion of samples exceeded international guidelines for arsenic, zinc and lead. Metal enrichment occurred in residential, industrial and agricultural areas near tailings and the copper smelter. This first screening of metal contamination sets the basis for future risk assessments toward defining knowledge-based policies and urban planning. Challenges include developing: (1) adequate intervention guideline values; (2) appropriate geochemical background levels for key metals; (3) urban planning that considers contaminated areas; (4) cost-effective control strategies for abandoned tailings in water-scarce areas; and (5) scenarios and technologies for tailings reprocessing. Assessing urban geochemical risks is a critical endeavor for areas where extreme events triggered by climate change are likely, as the mud flooding that impacted Copiapó in late March 2015.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank CEDEUS Conicyt Proyecto Fondap 15110020 and Proyecto Fondecyt 1130936 for financial support. We acknowledge logistics support from the Chilean Ministry of the Environment, the Municipality of Copiapó and Aguas Chañar. Our thanks also to Fernanda Carrasco and Felipe Medina from the Water Quality Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, for their help with sampling and samples analyses.
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Carkovic, A.B., Calcagni, M.S., Vega, A.S. et al. Active and legacy mining in an arid urban environment: challenges and perspectives for Copiapó, Northern Chile. Environ Geochem Health 38, 1001–1014 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9793-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9793-5