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Acute toxicity of tralopyril, capsaicin and triphenylborane pyridine to marine invertebrates

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Abstract

A need for environmentally acceptable alternative antifouling (AF) biocides has arisen through restrictions in the use of many common biocides in the European Union through the Biocidal Product Regulation (Regulation EU No. 528/2012). Three such alternatives are triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), tralopyril and capsaicin. This study aims at extending the available information on the toxicity of these three emerging AF biocides to key marine invertebrates. Here we investigate the toxicity of tralopyril and capsaicin to the early life stages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and also of tralopyril, capsaicin and TPBP to the early life stages of the copepod Tisbe battagliai. The EC50 that causes abnormal development of mussel’s D-veliger larvae and impairs the growth of sea urchin pluteus larvae are respectively 3.1 and 3.0 μg/L for tralopyril and 3,868 and 5,248 μg/L for capsaicin. Regarding the copepod T. battagliai, the LC50 was 0.9 μg/L for tralopyril, 1,252 μg/L for capsaicin and 14 μg/L for TPBP. The results obtained for the three substances are compared to a reference AF biocide, tributyltin (TBT), and their ecological risk evaluated. These compounds pose a lower environmental risk than TBT but still, our results suggest that tralopyril and TPBP may represent a considerable threat to the ecosystems.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to sincerely thank to Tania Tato and Nuria Sampedro, from ECIMAT Marine Station, for the assistance during the mussel and sea urchin bioassays. We would also like to thank to Ailbhe Macken for supplying the Tisbe battagliai and providing assistance in performing the copepod assay. This work was supported through a PhD grant attributed to Isabel Oliveira (SFRH/BD/71271/2010) by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) funded by the POPH - QREN and co-financed by the European Social Fund and by the Portuguese national funds from MEC.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal

    Isabel B. Oliveira & Carlos M. Barroso

  2. ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain

    Ricardo Beiras

  3. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349, Oslo, Norway

    Kevin V. Thomas

  4. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Marc J.-F. Suter

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  1. Isabel B. Oliveira
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Correspondence to Isabel B. Oliveira.

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Oliveira, I.B., Beiras, R., Thomas, K.V. et al. Acute toxicity of tralopyril, capsaicin and triphenylborane pyridine to marine invertebrates. Ecotoxicology 23, 1336–1344 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1276-9

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