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Assessing bioavailability and toxicity of permethrin and DDT in sediment using matrix solid phase microextraction

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Abstract

Matrix solid phase microextraction (matrix-SPME) was evaluated as a surrogate for the absorbed dose in organisms to estimate bioavailability and toxicity of permethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in laboratory-spiked sediment. Sediments were incubated for 7, 28, and 90 days at room temperature to characterize the effect of aging on bioavailability and toxicity. Sediment toxicity was assessed using two freshwater invertebrates, the midge Chironomus dilutus and amphipod Hyalella azteca. Disposable polydimethylsiloxane fibers were used to estimate the absorbed dose in organisms and to examine bioavailability and toxicity. The equilibrium fiber concentrations substantially decreased with an increase in sediment aging time, indicating a reduction in bioavailability. Based on median lethal fiber concentrations (fiber LC50), toxicity of permethrin was not significantly different among the different aging times. Due to the substantial degradation of DDT to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) in sediment, sediment toxicity to C. dilutus increased, while it decreased for H. azteca with extended aging times. A toxic unit-based fiber LC50 value represented the DDT mixture (DDT and DDD) toxicity for both species. Significant linear relationships were found between organism body residues and the equilibrium fiber concentrations for each compound, across aging times. The study suggested that the matrix-SPME fibers mimicked bioaccumulation in the organisms, and enabled estimation of body residues, and could potentially be used in environmental risk assessment across matrices (e.g. sediment and water) to measure bioavailability and toxicity of hydrophobic pesticides.

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Acknowledgments

Yuping Ding was supported by a SIUC 2010-2011 Dissertation Research Assistantship Award. Jing You was financially supported by “the Hundred Talents Program” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (kzcx2-yw-BR-05). We would like to thank E. Mackenbach for her work culturing C. dilutus and H. azteca.

Declaration

The experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests with this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA

    Yuping Ding, Peter F. Landrum & Michael J. Lydy

  2. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Jing You

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  1. Yuping Ding
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  2. Peter F. Landrum
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  3. Jing You
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  4. Michael J. Lydy
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Correspondence to Jing You or Michael J. Lydy.

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Ding, Y., Landrum, P.F., You, J. et al. Assessing bioavailability and toxicity of permethrin and DDT in sediment using matrix solid phase microextraction. Ecotoxicology 22, 109–117 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-1007-z

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