Abstract
Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications. We describe the toxicity of two commercial silver (Ag) nanoparticle (NP) products, NanoAmor and Sigma on Pimephales promelas embryos. Embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of either sonicated or stirred NP solutions for 96 h. LC50 values for NanoAmor and Sigma Ag NPs were 9.4 and 10.6 mg/L for stirred and 1.25 and 1.36 mg/L for sonicated NPs, respectively. Uptake of Ag NPs into the embryos was observed after 24 h using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Ag NPs induced a concentration-dependent increase in larval abnormalities, mostly edema. Dissolved Ag released from Ag NPs was measured using Inductively Coupled-Mass Spectrometry and the effects tested were found to be three times less toxic when compared to Ag nitrate (AgNO3). The percentage of dissolved Ag released was inversely proportional to the concentration of Ag NPs with the lowest (0.625 mg/L) and highest (20 mg/L) concentrations tested releasing 3.7 and 0.45% dissolved Ag, respectively and percent release was similar regardless if concentrations were stirred or sonicated. Thus increased toxicity after sonication cannot be solely explained by dissolved Ag. We conclude that both dissolved and particulate forms of Ag elicited toxicity to fish embryos.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Bob Rode, laboratory manager for the aquatic research facility and many students (Nathan Barton, Sonia Johns, Lynn Henneberger, Brett Lowry, Aaron McAlexander, Reid Morehouse, and Brian Sanchez) for their help with the maintenance of the fathead minnow colony. The authors would also like to thank Gary Ankley and Dan Villeneuve (USEPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN) and James Lazorchack and Marke Smith (USEPA, Molecular Indicator Research Branch, Cincinnati, OH) for donating fathead minnow adults that were used to establish our breeding colony. We also thank Steve Sassman and Dr. Nicole Ramlachan (Purdue University) for assistance with LC-MS and data analysis. This work was supported by a grant from the Lilly Endowment, Inc. awarded through Purdue University Center for the Environment at Discovery Park.
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Laban, G., Nies, L.F., Turco, R.F. et al. The effects of silver nanoparticles on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos. Ecotoxicology 19, 185–195 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0404-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0404-4