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Population structure and conservation genetics of anadromous white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis) on Hokkaido Island: Detection of isolation-by-distance

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Abstract

To increase the quantity of anadromous and freshwater fish resources and conserve natural populations effectively, it is important to identify conservation units and population structures, as well as to ensure sufficient genetic variability within populations. Here, we used 12 microsatellite loci to evaluate the population structure, effective population size, and bottlenecks in seven anadromous white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis leucomaenis) populations inhabiting the rivers of Hokkaido Island, Japan. Low migration rates were detected among populations, with significant genetic differentiation being observed, suggesting high homing rates. In addition, isolation-by-distance was observed among the evaluated populations, indicating that the populations in this region are at equilibrium between migration and drift. We identified a genetic bottleneck footprint in all seven of the analyzed white-spotted char populations by using the M ratio test. In contrast, heterozygote excess tests showed that all seven populations showed no signatures of population decline. This discrepancy may have been caused by differences in statistical power among tests. Alternatively, this discrepancy may be consistent with a strong founder effect during the late Pleistocene, followed by a subsequent low migration rate among populations. In conclusion, future conservation genetic management strategies should ensure that anadromous white-spotted char populations successfully exhibit homing behavior in the rivers of Hokkaido Island, Japan.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Daisei Ando (Hokkaido Research Organization, Fisheries Research Department Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute) and Hiromasa Yamaguchi (a fishing guide in Hokkaido) for assistance with sampling, and Mariko Miyazaki for technical assistance during our study. We also thank Daisuke Kishi (Gifu Prefecture Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquatic Environments) for his suggestion to collect data from the Mitsuishi River. In addition, we thank the anonymous reviewers for these helpful comments. This study was partly supported by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, grant no.25252035.

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  1. Saitama Fisheries Research Institute, Kitakohama 1060-1, Kazo, Saitama, 347-0011, Japan

    Kohtaroh Yamaguchi

  2. Laboratory of Population Genetics Informatics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Amamiya-machi, Tsutsumi-dori, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan

    Masamichi Nakajima

  3. The Research Institute of Marine Bioresources, Fukuyama University, Onomichi, Hiroshima, 722-2101, Japan

    Nobuhiko Taniguchi

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Yamaguchi, K., Nakajima, M. & Taniguchi, N. Population structure and conservation genetics of anadromous white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis) on Hokkaido Island: Detection of isolation-by-distance. Environ Biol Fish 99, 513–525 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-016-0494-9

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