Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Relational Aggression Narratives of African American and Latina Young Women

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Clinical Social Work Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article presents findings from a narrative study conducted to address young women’s experiences of relational aggression and violence in their female peer relationships. Few studies have examined the nature of relational aggression among urban African American and Latina young women. Moreover, when young urban women have been studied, prior research has predominantly focused on physical aggression, often excluding nonphysical forms of aggression that may precipitate violence. Using the listening guide method, this narrative analysis of 19 young African American and Latina women (18–21 years) living in New York City will demonstrate young urban women’s experiences of relational aggression and violence, and the social and emotional impact of these experiences in their everyday lives. Findings reveal that young women use different forms of relational aggression, and these forms of relational aggression provoke violence between female peers. Listening to young women’s voices as they talk about their experiences of relational aggression in their female peer relationships provides rich contextual information about the underlying social and cultural meanings of the various forms of aggressive behaviors for young women living and surviving in urban communities. Implications for clinical social work practice and policy are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adamshick, P. Z. (2010). The lived experience of girl-to-girl aggression in marginalized girls. Qualitative Health Research, 20, 541–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J., & Coyne, S. M. (2005). An integrated review of indirect, relational and social aggression. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 9(3), 212–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, C. A., & Ostrov, J. M. (2008). Differentiating forms and functions of aggression in emerging adults: Associations with hostile attribution biases and normative beliefs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 713–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belgrave, F. Z., Reed, M. C., Plybon, L. E., Butler, D. S., Allison, K. W., & Davis, T. (2004). Sisters of Nia: A cultural program for African American girls. Journal of Black Psychology, 30, 329–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2003). Gender-responsive strategies: Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections. Retrieved from http://er.uqam.ca/nobel/k27114/doclucie/genderprison.pdf.

  • Bowie, B. H. (2010). Understanding the gender differences in pathways to social deviancy: Relational aggression and emotion regulation. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 27–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. M. (2003). Girlfighting: Betrayal and rejection among girls. New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. M., Chesney-Lind, M., & Stein, N. (2007). Patriarchy matters: Toward a gendered theory of teen violence and victimization. Violence Against Women, 13(12), 1249–1273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. M., & Gilligan, C. (1992). Meeting at the crossroads: Women’s psychology and girls’ development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burman, M. (2004). Turbulent talk: Girls’ making sense of violence. In C. Alder & A. Worrall (Eds.), Girls’ violence: Myths and realities (pp. 81–103). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, K. B., Hammer, T. R., Reicherzer, S., & Gilliam, B. J. (2012). Relational-cultural theory: A framework for relational competencies and movement in group work with female adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 7(1), 2–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cauffman, E., Feldman, S. S., Waterman, J., & Steiner, H. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder among female juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1209–1216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney-Lind, M., & Jones, N. (Eds.). (2010). Fighting for girls: New perspectives on gender and violence (SUNY Series in Women, Crime, & Criminology). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M., & Irwin, K. (2007). Policing girlhood? Relational aggression and violence Prevention. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice, 5, 328–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M., & Stevens, T. (2008). Girls’ troubles, girls’ delinquency, and gender responsive programming: A review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41(1), 162–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, A. M. (2005). Girls, aggression, and emotion regulation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(2), 334–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children’s future social adjustment. Child Development, 67(5), 2317–2327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R. (1997). Engagement in gender normative childhood. Developmental Psychology, 33, 610–617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710–722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children’s treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., Murray-Close, D., & Woods, K. (2005). Borderline personality features in childhood: A short-term longitudinal study. Developmental Psychopathology, 17(4), 1051–1070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Werner, N. E. (2006). A longitudinal study of relational aggression, physical aggression, and children’s social-psychological adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 131–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullerton-Sen, C., Cassidy, A. R., Murray-Close, D., Cicchetti, D., Crick, N. R., & Rogosch, F. (2008). Childhood maltreatment and the development of relational and physical aggression: The importance of a gender-informed approach. Child Development, 79(6), 1736–1751.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A. L., Hoffman, S., & Leschied, A. W. (2004). A psycho-educational group for aggressive adolescent girls. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 29(3), 285–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, W. E., Crooks, C. V., & Wolfe, D. A. (2009). Relational aggression in peer and dating relationships: Links to psychological and behavioral adjustment. Social Development, 18(2), 253–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Stoppelbein, L., Greening, L., & Preddy, T. M. (2011). Association between relational aggression, depression and suicidal ideation in a child psychiatric inpatient sample. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 666–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galen, B. R., & Underwood, M. K. (1997). A developmental investigation of social aggression among children. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 589–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C., Spencer, R., Weinberg, M. K., & Bertsch, T. (2003). On the listening guide: A voice-centered relational method. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 157–172). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S. E. (2011). Relational aggression in young adults’ friendships and romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 18, 645–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, N. E. S., Serico, J. M., Riggs Romaine, C. L., Zelechoski, A. D., Kalbeitzer, R., Kemp, K., et al. (2013). Development of the juvenile justice anger management treatment for girls. Cognitive & Behavioral Practice, 20, 171–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldweber, A., & Cauffman, E. (2012). Relational aggression and the DSM-V: What can clinicians tell us about female juvenile offenders? Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 12(1), 35–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes, M. M. (2007). A concept analysis of relational aggression. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 14, 510–515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graves, K. N. (2007). Not always sugar and spice: Expanding theoretical and functional explanations for why females aggress. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 12(2), 131–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heilbron, N., & Prinstein, M. J. (2008). A review and reconceptualization of social aggression: Adaptive and maladaptive correlates. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 176–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrenkohl, T. I., McMorris, B. J., Catalano, R. F., Abbott, R. D., Hemphill, S. A., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2007). Risk factors for violence and relational aggression in adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 386–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, N. (2008). Working “the code”: On girls, gender, and inner-city violence. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41, 63–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, N. (2009). “I was aggressive for the streets, pretty for the pictures”: Gender, difference, and the inner-city girl. Gender & Society, 23(1), 89–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, N. (2010). Between good and ghetto: African American girls and inner-city violence. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolbert, J. B., Field, J. E., Crothers, L. M., & Schreiber, J. B. (2010). Femininity and depression mediated by social and relational aggression in late adolescence. Journal of School Violence, 9(3), 289–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Bjorkqvist, K., & Peltonen, T. (1988). Is indirect aggression typical of females? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year-old children. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 403–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leadbeater, B., & Way, N. (2007). Urban girls revisited: Building strengths. New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leff, S. S., Gullan, R. L., Paskewich, B. S., Abdul-Kabir, S., Jawad, A. F., Grossman, M., et al. (2009). An initial evaluation of a culturally adapted social problem-solving and relational aggression prevention program for urban African-American relationally aggressive girls. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 37(4), 260–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leff, S. S., Waasdorp, T. E., & Crick, N. R. (2010). A review of existing relational aggression programs: Strengths, limitations, and future directions. School Psychology Review, 39(4), 508–535.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lento-Zwolinski, J. (2007). College students’ self-report of psychosocial factors in reactive forms of relational and physical aggression. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 24, 407–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letendre, J. (2007). “Sugar and spice but not always nice”: Gender socialization and its impact on development and maintenance of aggression in adolescent girls. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24, 353–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis and interpretation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, N., & Lechuga, C. E. (2007). Latina girls: “They are like a friend”: Othermothers creating empowering, school-based community living rooms in Latina and Latino middle schools. In B. J. R. Leadbeater & N. Way (Eds.), Urban girls revisited: Building strengths (pp. 97–120). New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loudin, J. L., Loukas, A., & Robinson, S. (2003). Relational aggression in college students: Examining the roles of social anxiety and empathy. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 430–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malove, S. C. (2012). Using relational theory to treat adolescent girls victimized by social aggression. Clinical Social Work Journal,. doi:10.1007/s10615-012-0424-z/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 969–981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, K. M., Lansing, A. E., Garland, A., & Hough, R. (2002). Gender differences in psychopathology, functional impairment, and familial risk factors among adjudicated delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 860–867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar, B. E., Roberts, A. L., Browne, A., Gardener, H., & Buka, S. L. (2005). What girls need: Recommendations for preventing violence among urban girls in the US. Social Science and Medicine, 60, 2191–2204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti, M. M., Holland, R., & McKay, S. (2001). Self-other representations and relational and overt aggression in adolescent girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19, 109–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ness, C. D. (2010). Why girls fight: Female youth violence in the inner city. New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obeidallah, D., & Earls, F. (1999). Adolescent girls: The role of depression in the development of delinquency. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/fs000244.pdf.

  • Odgers, C. L., Moretti, M. M., & Repucci, N. R. (2005). Examining the science and practice of violence risk assessment with female adolescents. Law and Human Behavior, 29(1), 7–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, L., Shute, R., & Slee, P. (2000a). “Guess what I just heard!”: Indirect aggression among teenage girls in Australia. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 67–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, L., Shute, R., & Slee, P. (2000b). “I’m in and you’re out.” Explanations for teenage girls’ indirect aggression. Psychology, Evolution & Gender, 2(1), 19–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padgett, D. K. (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, S., Morash, M., & Stevens, T. (2010). Gender differences in predictors of assaultive behavior in late adolescence. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice, 8(4), 314–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penney, S. R., & Moretti, M. M. (2007). The relation of psychopathy to concurrent aggression and antisocial behavior in high-risk adolescent girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 25, 21–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, A., & Jenson, J. M. (2010). Predictors of peer victimization among Hispanic adolescent girls: Implications for school social work. Children & Schools, 32(4), 211–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 479–491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh-Lilly, A. O., Neville, H., & Poulin, K. L. (2001). In protection of ourselves: Black girls’ perceptions of self-reported delinquent behaviors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 145–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putallaz, M., & Bierman, K. L. (Eds.). (2004). Aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence among girls: A developmental perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puzzanchera, C., & Adams, B. (2011, December). Juvenile arrests 2009 bulletin: Juvenile offenders and victims national report series. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from http://ojjdp.gov/publications/PubAbstract.asp?pubi=258483.

  • Resnick, M., Ireland, M., & Borowsky, I. (2004). Youth violence prevention: What protects? What predicts? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 424–434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rys, G., & Bear, G. (1997). Relational aggression and peer relations: Gender and developmental issues. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43(1), 87–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shlafer, R. J., McMorris, B. J., Sieving, R. E., & Gower, A. L. (2013). The impact of family and peer protective factors on girls’ violence perpetration and victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(3), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skara, S., Pokhrel, P., Weiner, M. D., Sun, P., Dent, C. W., & Sussman, S. (2008). Physical and relational aggression as predictors of drug use: Gender differences among high school students. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1507–1515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Nock, M. K., Masia-Warner, C., & Barlas, M. E. (2003a). Peer victimization and social-psychological adjustment in Hispanic and African-American children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 439–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Werner, N., & Storch, J. B. (2003b). Relational aggression and psychosocial adjustment in intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26(2), 155–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbott, E., Celinska, D., Simpson, J., & Coe, M. G. (2002). “Somebody else making somebody else fight”: Aggression and the social context among urban adolescent girls. Exceptionality, 10, 203–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. M., Gilligan, C., & Sullivan, A. M. (1995). Between voice and silence: Women and girls, race and relationship. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. M., Veloria, C. N., & Verba, M. C. (2007). Latina girls: “We’re like sisters—most times!”. In B. J. R. Leadbeater & N. Way (Eds.), Urban girls revisited: Building strengths (pp. 157–174). New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, M. K. (2004). Glares of contempt, eye rolls of disgust and turning away to exclude: Non-verbal forms of social aggression among girls. Feminism & Psychology, 14(3), 371–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, M. K., Galen, B. R., & Paquette, J. A. (2001). Top ten challenges for understanding gender and aggression in children: Why can’t we all just get along? Social Development, 10(2), 248–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voisin, D. R., Bird, J. D. P., Hardesty, M., & Shiu, C. S. (2011). African American adolescents living and coping with community violence on Chicago’s Southside. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(12), 2483–2498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, M. N. (2011). “Girls are worse”: Drama queens, ghetto girls, tomboys, and the meaning of girl fights. Youth & Society, 43(3), 1298–1334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Way, N. (1998). Everyday courage: The lives and stories of urban teenagers. New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, N. E., & Crick, N. R. (1999). Relational aggression and social-psychological adjustment in a college sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(4), 615–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, N. E., & Nixon, C. L. (2005). Normative beliefs and relational aggression: An investigation of the cognitive bases of adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 229–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williford, A., & DePaolis, K. J. (2012). Identifying predictors of instrumental and reactive aggression among low-income minority adolescent girls. Journal of the Society for Social Work & Research, 3(3), 145–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worcel, S. D., Shields, S. A., & Paterson, C. A. (1999). “She looked at me crazy”: Escalation of conflict through telegraphed emotion. Adolescence, 34, 689–697.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, H., Swift, D., Cairns, B. D., & Cairns, R. B. (2002). Aggressive behaviors in social interaction and developmental adaptation: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts during early adolescence. Social Development, 11(2), 205–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn, M. A., Brumbaugh, S., Steffensmeier, D., Feld, B. C., Morash, M., Chesney-Lind, et al. (2008). Girls study group: Understanding and responding to girls’ delinquency: Violence by teenage girls: Trends and context. Bulletin. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Download references

Conflict of interest

I have no potential conflict of interest pertaining to this submission to Clinical Social Work Journal.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rebecca Rivera-Maestre.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rivera-Maestre, R. Relational Aggression Narratives of African American and Latina Young Women. Clin Soc Work J 43, 11–24 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-014-0474-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-014-0474-5

Keywords

Navigation