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The Metacognitive Model of Anxiety in Children: Towards a Reliable and Valid Measure

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Abstract

Recent research has extended the metacognitive model of adult psychopathology to childhood anxiety, however the results have been confounded by poor comprehension of the Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children (MCQ-C) amongst 7–8 year olds. The aim of this study was to improve comprehension of the MCQ-C, to enable reliable and valid evaluation of the metacognitive model of anxiety in children. Poorly comprehended items of the MCQ-C were revised to the appropriate reading level and pilot tested with 7–8 year olds. One hundred and eighty seven children aged 7–12 years then completed an online version of the revised MCQ-C (MCQ-CR) and self-report measures of anxiety symptoms, excessive worry and externalising thoughts. The MCQ-CR was well understood by children as young as 7 years and exhibited sound psychometric properties. As predicted, children’s negative beliefs about worry, thoughts in general and memories were found to be significantly positively related to symptoms of anxiety disorders. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of the scale. Positive beliefs about worry were not associated with children’s worry levels, raising questions about the relevance of this element of the metacognitive model with children. Although further validation is required with a clinical sample, these results provide support for the integral role played by metacognitions in childhood anxiety disorders, and suggest that these mechanisms may be appropriate targets for future early intervention and treatment programs.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by beyondblue NPDR Round 2 (Men) and the Australian Research Council Linkage LP130100576.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

    Julia A. White & Jennifer L. Hudson

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  1. Julia A. White
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  2. Jennifer L. Hudson
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Correspondence to Jennifer L. Hudson.

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Jennifer L. Hudson and Julia A. White declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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No animal studies were carried out by the authors for this article.

Appendix: Revised Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children (MCQ-CR)

Appendix: Revised Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children (MCQ-CR)

We are interested in how kids think. Here is a list of thoughts that some kids have. Please read each sentence, then click on how true it is FOR YOU. There are no right or wrong answers. If you don’t understand the sentence, please click “I don’t understand”.

figure a

Items in italics are reproduced from the MCQ-C (Bacow et al. 2009).

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White, J.A., Hudson, J.L. The Metacognitive Model of Anxiety in Children: Towards a Reliable and Valid Measure. Cogn Ther Res 40, 92–106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9725-1

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